Behavior II (BS 1 Ch 7) COPY Flashcards
james -lang 1
very easily critiqued if you have that physiological arousal can be a lot of different things that that could men, not a good enough way to differentiate btw heart pounding on a roller coaster, in love, vs bear jumping out at you, no appraisal step or context that comes into it* so it is a very very flawed theroy*
Explicit attitudes
Explicit attitudes: conscious beliefs.
Implicit attitudes
Implicit attitudes: unconscious beliefs that can nevertheless influence behavior.
Attitudes have three components:
- Cognitive: beliefs about the thing in question, e.g., “Doctors are good people.”
- Affective: emotions that are attached to those beliefs, e.g., “I like my own doctor as a person, and I felt
proud when my son decided to go to medical school to help others.”
- Behavioral: these beliefs have the capacity to influence people’s behavior; e.g., “My doctor is a good
person who wants to help me so I will follow his advice.”
implicit attitudes 2
C=What you think
A=what you feel
B= what you do
How behavior affects attitudes:
- Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
In a famous experiment, researchers went door-to-door asking people to place a tiny sign in a window advocating safe driving.
Two weeks later, they returned and asked them to place a giant safe-driving billboard in their front yard.
Those who previously agreed to the tiny sign were much more likely to agree to the billboard → taking a small step toward advocating safe driving caused people to change their attitudes about the issue and become strong advocates.
- The Stanford Prison Study and role-playing effects: In another famous experiment, subjects were assigned to play the role of “prisoner” or “guard” in an artificial “prison.”
• “Guards” became disrespectful and inhumane, while “prisoners” became passive and submissive or rebellious → acting in a role caused people to change their attitudes about what is appropriate, respectful behavior.
attitudinal change
- Attitudes can change over time.
- Sometimes this occurs when people perceive some inconsistency between their beliefs, feelings, and behaviors.
They experience what Leon Festinger called cognitive dissonance.
- They modify their attitudes in order to attenuate this uncomfortable feeling.
- E.g., studies show that soldiers (and medical interns?) come to value their membership in a group more highly after undergoing an especially harsh initiation at boot camp.
- “It must be a really great thing to be a resident at this hospital, because if it weren’t, I would never have volunteered for that internship.”
emotion vs. mood
Mood states are similar to emotions but they are longer lasting (hours/days vs. seconds/minutes) and they are usually not related to one specific event (e.g., feeling happy about finishing the MCAT versus being in a good mood in general).
-Moods last longer than emotions, different from common english language usage. but moods last longer if you look at the psych definitions
theory of emotion 1
James-Lange theory
James-Lange theory: our experience of emotion is determined by our perception of the physiological changes associated with the emotion; three steps:
- First, we perceive an emotional situation (e.g., a predator).
- Second, this causes physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart).
- Third, we perceive these physiological changes and label the emotional experience (fear); fear feels different from joy because the physiological changes are different.
simplest and oldest
cannon-bard
stimulius that activates subcortical regions of the breain, so do some subcortical processing below hte cortical parts of your cerebrum so you are not aware of it you simualtaneously have feeling of being afraid, subconscious mind processes the stimulus, then yoru conscious midn feels afriad at the same time as you have the physical arousal
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/424/354/523/a_image_thumb.png?1648761579)
Theory of emotion 2
Cannon-Bard theory:
Says that James-Lange theory is too simple because the physiological changes associated with many different emotions are actually very similar (e.g., joyful excitement and fear are both associated with increased heart rate).
Instead, our experience of emotion is determined by changes in brain state:
- First, we perceive an emotional situation.
- Second, this causes changes in brain activity that are specific to different emotions.
- Third, we perceive both the emotional experience and the physiological change as by-products of the change in brain state.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/424/354/533/a_image_thumb.png?1648761631)
theory of emotion 3
schachter- singer hteory
Schachter-Singer theory:
Our experience of emotion is determined by our cognitive appraisal of the meaning of the situation.
- First, we perceive an emotional situation (e.g., a predator).
- Second, this causes physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart).
- Third, we formulate judgments about the meaning of the situation and the cause of the physiological changes (e.g., my heart is pounding because I’m afraid of that predator).
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/424/354/566/a_image_thumb.png?1648762118)
Schatcher- singer theory 2
- depends on APPRAISAL** if body’s physioogical arousal brain can mislabel a given emotional state if the body’s physiological arousal is wrongly
associated with an enviromental cue unrelated to the original emotion inducing stimulus. fear brain can appraise that incorrectly so possible for brain to make
mistakes and mislabel emotions, where things go wrong is where the brain is labelign emotions or appraising hte situations* other situations do not deal
with appraisal in the same way*
schatchter- singer theory 3
Schachter- Singer- you experience the stimulus, you have the autonomic arousal the animal jumps out and yoru heart starts pounding, then there is an
appraisal step very very fast then evaluating why heart is pounding, could also be puming becuase it is fun, havign that autnoic arousal becuse it is fun
and watching a horror movie, so then you go on or not, then conscious feelign of fear after you have apraised your physiological feeling /response* most clinical
spychologists woudl subscribe to this becuase the biggest issue with this is that the autonomic arousal, heart poundign shouldn’t always lead to
fear depending on context.
If you believe thee is this moment in between your heart is pounding where cognitive therapy works well, appraisal and you can intervene to retool how that appraisal step works the essence of cognitive therapy for things like anxiety* pause at appraisal step and interrupt
straight arrow btw heart pounding, feeling fear with is there somethign actually goign to kill me, tools you can use to short circut or pause this pathway and to not get to the same itnese feeling of fear
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/424/354/591/a_image_thumb.png?1648762186)
elaboration likelihood model
Elaboration Likliehood model- this is about persuasion
- central processing= if you are persuading someone or someone is changing their mind about something, because of real logic and they are apprecaiting the reasoning that is central processing* central is always high elaboration
- peripheral processing= because involves low elaboraiton if they are good looking, charismatic, central is the argument itself* peripheral is more low elaboration always. If you are trying to get someone vaccinated and do it through central processing/ through strength of your argument that is central rpocessing, because strength fo argumetn is persuasive
peripheral persuading is for vaccines well i liek claire so i will just go with what htey said that is peripheral, something around the argument is actually persuading them*
central processing= high elaboration
peripheral processing= low elaboration
central processing- is you like the argument, peripheral porcessing you like their shirt and think they are charistmatic
universal emotions
Ekman: showed that facial expressions for certain emotions were universally recognized by people from Western and Eastern cultures, as well as people from isolated cultures like Papua New Guinea.
Six emotional expressions were very consistently recognized: fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust.
But others were more influenced by culture.