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Anatomy > BECOM Exam #1 > Flashcards

BECOM Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Micelle

A

2-monoacyglycerol, cholesterol, and lysophospholipid that are emulsified with bile salts

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2
Q

Chylomicron

A
  • apolipidprotien B-48

- contains cholesteryl esters, triaclylglycerols, and phopholipids

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3
Q

What does HDL do

A
  1. takes cholesterol from nonhepatic tissue to liver as cholesteryl ester
  2. apeE and apoCII reservoir (passes to chylomicron and VLDL)
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4
Q

How does the body make cholesterol?

A

HMG-CoA pathway (2 carbon acyl units)

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5
Q

What does apoE do?

A

is recognized by membrane receptors, particularly those on the surface of liver cells, allowing apoE-bearing lipoproteins to enter these cells by endocytosis for subsequent digestion by lysosomes

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6
Q

What does apoCII do?

A

activator of lipoprotein lipase

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7
Q

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

digest TAGs to glycerols and fatty acids

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8
Q

What does 7-alpha hydrolase do?

A
  • is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol
  • mutation can cause low bile salt concentration
  • adds -OH to seventh carbon of cholesterol
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9
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for?

A

bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D

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10
Q

What protein determines VLDL and LDL

A

B-100

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11
Q

Phospholipase 1

A

hydrolysis cleaves at sn1 of phospholipids

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12
Q

Phospholipase 2

A

hydrolysis cleaves at sn2 of phospholipids

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13
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base

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14
Q

Purine Biosynthesis starting with

A

a ribose sugar

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15
Q

Allopurinol

A

competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (hypoxanthine -> xanthine -> uric acid)

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16
Q

Large amounts of uric acid causes?

A

Gout

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17
Q

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (ARPT)

A

takes adenine + PRPP -> AMP (purine salvage pathway)

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18
Q

Hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)

A

takes (hypoxanthine or guanine) + PRPP -> IMP or GMP

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19
Q

Lesch - Nyhan Disease

A

Hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency (causes inc PRPP and no nucleotide salvage)

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20
Q

PRPP usage?

A
  1. synthesis of purines and pyrimidines
  2. salvage purine and pyrimidines
  3. synthesis of NAD from tryptophan
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21
Q

6-mercaptopurine

A

gets salvaged and inhibits enzymes in the purine biosynthesis pathway (chemotheuroputic)

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22
Q

5-fluorouracil

A

gets salvaged and inhibits the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway

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23
Q

Pyrimidine biosynthesis starts with a?

A

base

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24
Q

Hereditary Orotic Aciduria

A

lack enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway (high orotic acid)
oral UMP

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25
Q

hexokinase

A

glucose -> glucose 6-phospate in glycolysis

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26
Q

hydrolase

A

A + H2O -> B + C

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27
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

catalyzes oxidation or reduction reactions

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28
Q

Lyase

A

cleaves C-C, C-S, or C-N bonds

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29
Q

Transferase

A

Ax + B -> A + Bx

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30
Q

Isomerase

A

two compounds with same formula but different arrangements

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31
Q

Ligase

A

A + B -> AB

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32
Q

Detoxification phase I

A

cytochrome P450

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33
Q

Detoxification Phase II

A

GSH conjugation, sulfation, glucuronidation

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34
Q

primary protein

A

covalent linked

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35
Q

secondary protein

A

H-bond

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36
Q

tertiary and quaternary protein

A 
Multiple secondary
H bond
LDFs
Salt bridges
Disulfide
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37
Q

ubiquination added tag to which residue

A

lysine residue

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38
Q

N-glycosalation

A

aspirigine

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39
Q

reducing agents

A

break disulfide bonds

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40
Q

ferrous

A

+2

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41
Q

ferric

A

+3

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42
Q

Bohr effect

A

higher CO2 or decreased pH = decrease in O2 affinity

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43
Q

2,3 BPG

A

decreases Hb affinity for O2 (negatively charged and pulls positively charged subunits towards middle pushing out O2)

44
Q

Haldane effect

A

high O2 concentration in lungs decreases affinity of Hb for CO2

45
Q

HbA

A

alpha 2, beta 2

46
Q

HbF

A

alpha 2, gamma 2

47
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

induces HbF during sickle cell anemia that will reduce sickling because of hertero-tetramer

48
Q

methemoglobin

A

heme trapped in the Fe3+ state (ferric)

49
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning

A

CO binds to one subunit causing Hb to have a higher affinity for O2 resulting in a O2 trap

50
Q

cholesterol is involved in?

A

steroid synthesis, membrane fluidity, vitamin D synthesis, and bile salt synthesis

51
Q

Alpha amylase (mouth)

A

cleaves alpha 1,4 linkage producing dextrin

52
Q

Pancreatic α-amylase (lumen of stomach)

A

cleaves α-1,4 linkages (Product: dissacharides (maltose, isomaltose), trisaccharides (maltotriose), oligosaccharides (limit dextrins))

53
Q

Sucrase-isomaltase

A

splits sucrose, maltase, maltotriose, dextrins

(hydrolyzes α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages)

54
Q

Lactase

A

hydrolyzes ß-1,4 bond of glucose and galactose

55
Q

Sucrase

A

hydrolyzes α-1,2 bond of glucose and fructose

56
Q

SGLT

A

small intestine and kidneys, reabsorption of glucose that has been tagged for excretion (diabetic drugs inhibit this)

57
Q

GLUT1

A

red blood cells and cell with barrier functions (brain, retina, placenta, and testes)

58
Q

GLUT2

A

Liver (storage when glucose higher) and pancreatic B cells (insulin secretion)

59
Q

GLUT3

A

brain and neurons (high affinity for glucose)

60
Q

GLUT4

A

skeletal muscles and adipose (go to surface when insulin present or when exercising)

61
Q

GLUT5

A

fructose transporter in intestine luminal epithelium and sperm

62
Q

Mutarotation

A

Change in the rotation of plane-polarized light resulting from the equilibrium between cyclic anomers and the open-chain form of a sugar (gluceoromator: oxidize open chain)

63
Q

Purine free bases

A

adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine

64
Q

Methotrexate

A

act as a competitive inhibitor to dihydrofolate reductase prevent the conversion of FH2 to FH4

65
Q

Pyrimidine free bases

A

uracil, cytosine, and thymine

66
Q

CPS II

A
  • in cytosol
  • uses Gln and CO2 to form carbamoyl phosphate (pyrimidine biosynthesis)
  • inhibited by UTP, activated by PRPP
67
Q

CPS I

A

in mitochondria, is used in the production of urea

68
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A U G T C

69
Q

derivatives of purine

A

aspartate, N10 formyl FH4, glutamine, glycine, CO2

70
Q

derivatives of pyrimidine

A

glutamine, aspartate, CO2

71
Q

How is PRPP made

A

ribose 5-phosphate + ATP

72
Q

Lesch-Nyhan Disease

A

Deficiency in HGPRTase resulting no negative feedback of the nucleotide biosynthesis and positive feedback by the abundance of PRPP

73
Q

Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase

A
  • enzyme that carries out Orotic acid + PRPP -> OMP

- Hereditary Orotic Aciduria (high level of orotic acid)

74
Q

ribonucleotide reductase

A

is responsible for reducing sugar (deoxy) to make DNA substrate sugars

75
Q

6-mercaptopurine

A

(Purine looking) salvaged by HGPRTase and inhibits amino transferase in biosynthesis pathway

76
Q

5-flurouracil

A

(pyrimidine looking)

77
Q

Palmitic Acid

A

16:0

78
Q

arachidonic acid

A

20:4

79
Q

cholesterol is a precursor for?

A

Bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

80
Q

cause gallstones?

A

Too much cholesterol in diet
Too much de novo cholesterol synthesis
Too much cholesterol secretion (with fibrates)
Deficiency in bile salt synthesis

81
Q

Nonalcoholic “fatty liver” (hepatic steatosis)

A
  • occurs in conditions in which there is an imbalance between hepatic TAG synthesis and the secretion of VLDL (e.g. obesity, T2D)
  • high lipid concentration in liver
82
Q

LCAT

A

esterfies cholesterol to keep a cholesterol gradient in HDL

83
Q

17 alpha hydroxylase

A

modification of cholesterol to steroid hormones

84
Q

CETP

A

exchanges cholesteryl esters for TAGs from HDL to VLDL

85
Q

UCP-1

A

thermogenin) is associated with heat production in brown adipose tissue. The major function of brown adipose tissue is nonshivering thermogenesis, whereas the major function of white adipose tissue is the storage of triacylglycerols in lipid droplets.

86
Q

DNP

A

unnatural coupler that defuses freely through cell membrane and carries H+ from high to low concentration (breaking H+ gradient in mitochondria)

87
Q

B12

A
  • Transfers a methyl group to homocysteine forming Methionine
  • methylmalonyl CoA to form succinyl CoA
88
Q

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

A
  • enzyme that changes Acetyl CoA into Malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis (rate determining step)
  • Biotin (B7) is a cofactor
89
Q

Fatty acid synthase

A
  • enzyme used in fatty acid synthesis that catalyzes the addition of two carbons
  • alot of NADH use because anabolism (from pentose phosphate pathway)
90
Q

FA synthesis occurs in the

A

cytosol

91
Q

throboxane

A
  • promotes adherence/aggregation of circulation platelets and contraction of vascular smooth muscles ->clots
  • COX1
92
Q

prostacyclin

A
  • inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates vasodilation

- COX2

93
Q

Integral Membran Protein I

A

single membrane helix (NH3 outside, COO- inside)

94
Q

Integral Membran Protein II

A

single membrane helix (COO- outside, NH3 inside)

95
Q

Integral Membran Protein III

A

single protein with multiple transmembrane helixes

96
Q

Integral Membran Protein IV

A

multiple proteins that are single transmembrane helixes that interact with one another

97
Q

Integral Membran Protein V

A

lipid linked protein

98
Q

Integral Membran Protein VI

A

both transmembrane and lipid linked domain

99
Q

angeograde

A
  • Movement from – to + is called

- uses kinesin motors

100
Q

retrograde

A
  • from + to – is

- uses dynein motors.

101
Q

Cardilipin

A

protein bound to head group that stabilizes ETC complexes by esterfying two head groups together

102
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

protein bound to head group trigger platelet clotting and inflammatory

103
Q

Sphingophospholipids

A

Backbone is the amino alcohol sphingosine, not glycerol.

104
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

mylenin sheaths

105
Q

Phosphatidyl inositol

A
  • protein bound to phospholipid head group
  • cleaved by PLC
  • induces Ca2+ release
106
Q

Nernst Potential

A

equilibrium potential is equal for a single ion

107
Q

Goldman Equation

A

equilibrium potential is equal for multiple ions

Anatomy (7 decks)

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