Anatomy Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Sclerotome give rise to
A
Bones, cartilage, and tendon
2
Q
Myotome give rise to
A
Muscles
3
Q
Dermatome give rise to
A
Dermis of skin
4
Q
Loose Connective Tissue Examples
A
lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract
5
Q
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
A
dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa layer of digestive tract
6
Q
Dense regular connective tissue
A
ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, corneal stroma
7
Q
Mesenchyme is the origin of ?
A
- origin of all connective tissue
- develops mainly from mesoderm
8
Q
Mucoid Connective Tissue
A
matrix of the fetal umbilical cord
9
Q
Reticular Connective Tissue
A
bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal gland, all lymphoid organs except the thymus
10
Q
Hurler’s syndrome
A
Lysosomal storage disease
gargoyle disease
11
Q
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
A
- rubberman syndrome
- Major symptoms include joint hypermobility, cutaneous laxity (i.e., stretchy skin), abnormal scar formation, vascular rupture
12
Q
Marfan syndrome
A
- Patients tend to be tall, with long and thin limbs, long fingers (and toes), can suffer from scoliosis
- abe lincoln
13
Q
Scleroderma
A
- Thickening of skin
- Essentially, dysregulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts leads to excessive collagen deposition, causing fibrosis
14
Q
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A
- irregular bone formation
- the middle character
15
Q
Scurvy
A
- Vitamin C deficiency
- Symptoms include bleeding gums, loose teeth, tooth loss, poor wound healing, edema
16
Q
Psoriasis
A
is a disease characterized by patchy lesions caused by greater keratinocyte proliferation in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum and an accelerated cell cycle
17
Q
Layers of skin
A
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, dermis
18
Q
Platelets function
A
Clotting, vessel wall repair
19
Q
Erythrocytes Function
A
O2 & CO2 transport
20
Q
Leukocytes
A
immune response
21
Q
Babesiosis
A
Depressed RBC and platelet counts that is a parasite that passes by ticks
22
Q
eosinophils
A
- Elevated levels indicates parasitic infection
- Major contributor to inflammatory response
- Major contributor to allergies – dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, reflux esophagitis, asthma
23
Q
neutrophils aka neutrocytes
A
- Most abundant WBC
- “First responders”
- Phagocytose bacteria (other anti-microbial actions)
- Neutropenia can indicate aplastic anemia, leukemia, chemotherapy
- Neutropenia increases risk of infection
24
Q
basophils
A
- Involved in inflammatory response
- Deviations from normal count difficult to detect because baseline/normal count is already very low
25
mast cells
- Involved in parasite response, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation
- Implicated in allergic response and anaphylaxis
26
lymphocytes
Primary role: identification of self vs non-self
27
memory cells
These cells “remember” prior encounters with pathogens and tumors which facilitates faster and more effective immune response
28
Where are monocytes held and what can happen if this organ is damaged?
- held in the spleen and are released when an infections occurs
- if spleen is damaged, at risk for infection
29
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
30
Sickle-cell disease
Point mutation that turns a hemoglobin A into a hemoglobin S – HbS or Hb-S
31
porphyria
- Result from defective heme
- Symptoms in some types include blistering after sunlight exposure
- Symptoms can be mitigated by the ingestion of blood
32
From which skeletal locations do we harvest hematopoietic marrow?
Iliac crest
33
Leukemia
- Pathological proliferation of bone marrow stem cells
| - Diagnosis: repeated CBCs with elevated WBC counts
34
Polycythemia
- Overproduction of RBCs
| - Manifests as abnormal thromboses
35
The median nerve innervates what muscles?
3 thenar muscles (recurrent branch) and 1,2 lumbricals
36
Main artery to superficial palmar arch
ulnar artery
37
Main artery to deep palmer arch
radial artery (lies under anatomical snuff box and passes between adductor policis head)
38
muscle that runs over the hypothenar muscles and function?
palmaris brevis covers/protects ulnar nerve and artery
39
Dorsal interossei muscle action?
DAB abduction (connect to digit 1,4,5)
40
Palmar interossei muscle action
PAD adduction (connect to digits 2-4)
41
Lumbrical action along with dorsal and palmar interossei
- Flex the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
- all connect to extensor expansion
42
Superficial radial nerve innervates what in the hands?
Lateral two-thirds of the dorsum of the hand
43
DR. CUMAB
Wrist Drop: radial nerve
Claw Hand: ulnar nerve
Ape Hand and Benediction hand: median nerve
44
Deep branch of the Ulnar Nerve innervates?
- Three hypothenar muscles
- Medial two lumbricals
- Adductor pollicis
- Deep head of the FPB
- All palmar and dorsal interossei
45
Laceration of the median nerve at the wrist results inn
- paralysis of the thenar muscles and the first two lumbricals:
- opposition of the thumb is not possible
- fine control movements of the 2nd and 3rd digits are impaired
- sensation is also lost over the thumb and adjacent two and a half fingers
46
Radial Nerver innervation
brachioradialis
| ECRL
47
Deep Branch of Radial
ECRB
| Supinator
48
Posterior interosseous nerve
everything but ECRL, ECRL, supinator, brachioradialis
49
Tennis Elbow
-Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)
-Caused from repetitive or overuse use of superficial extensor muscles
Pain over lateral epicondyle that radiates down the posterior surface of the forearm
50
Golfer's Elbow
felt on the medial epicondyle
| Repetitive or overuse of flexor muscles
51
Mallet/Baseball Finger
Hyperextension of a long extensor tendon at the distal interphalangeal joint
52
Zonula adherens
Cell to cell
Actin
Cadherin
53
Desmone
Cell to cel
Intermediate
Catherin
54
Focal Contact
Cell to matrix
actin
integrin
55
Hemidesmosome
cell to matrix
intermediate
integrin
56
Microvilli location
intestin kidneys
57
Stereocilia are and location
long microvilli
| epididymis (absorption) and ear cochlea (sensory receptors)
58
Cilia action and location
```
transport material (beating dynein)
respiratory tract, oviducts
```
59
Zonula Occludens (tight junction) location
stomach and kidney
60
coracoid-acromial arch
coracoid process, coracoacromial lig, and acromion
61
Fall on shoulder
dislocate acromioclavicular joint with coracolavicular lig rupture
62
Fall on elbow
dislocate acromioclavicular joint only
63
Dislocating shoulder can risk rupture of what arteries and nerves
ant/post. circumflex humeral a, axillary/radial nerve
64
Subluxation and dislocation of radial head
anular ligament
65
Colles’ fracture
fracture distal end of radius
66
Quadricep Muscles
Vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis, rectus femoris
Innervation: Femoral nerve
Action: Extend at knee
67
Obturator Externus innervation
obturator nerve
68
Femoral Sheath includes and excludes
includes: femoral artery, vein, and ingiuneal lymph
excludes: femoral nerve
69
Pes Anserinus and insertion
- semitendinosus, gracilis, satoris
| - sup part of medial surface of tibia
70
Obturator nerve innervates
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus (adductor part), obturator externus, gracilis
71
Obturator internus, superior gemelli innervation
nerve to obturator internus
72
Quadratus femoris and inferior gemelli innervation
nerve to quadrates femoris
73
Superior Gluteal nerve innervates
G med, G min, and TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
74
Intragluteal injections
Superolateral quadrant
75
Superior Gluteal Nerve injury
- loss function of G med, G min
- paralyzed hip in go up
- Pos. Trendelenburg Test
76
Week 4
curved, with upper limb buds
77
Week 5
hand and foot plates
78
Week 6
fingers, toes, ears, or at least their primordia are clear
79
Week 7
arm is longer, bent at elbow, fingers distinct but likely webbed
80
Week 8
Fingers should be free, toes should be distinct but likely webbed – tail present
81
Collagen type IV
Gives structure to basal lamina
82
Blood supply to posterior thigh
- perforating branch or medial circumflex femoral
| - BICEP FEMORIS: same + inf. gluteal a
83
Innervation to posterior thigh
- All tibial nerve
| - Except BICEP FEMORIS (SHORT HEAD): common fibular
84
Hamstring Muscles attachment
Ischial Tuberosity [except bicep femoris (shorted): linea aspera]
85
Vein and nerve that run posterior to gastrocnemius?
medial sural->sural nerve, and small saphenous vein
86
Anterior Leg Compartment Muscles and innervation
EHL, EDL, tibialis anterior
| Deep fibular nerve
87
Lateral leg compartment muscles and innervation
Fibularis longus and brevis
| Superficial fibular nerve
88
soleus action
workhorse of plantarflexion
89
plantaris action
proprioception
90
popliteus action
laterally rotates the femur to “unlock” the knee and initiates flexion of the knee
91
Deep Fibular branches in the foot
lateral and medial branch of deep fibular
92
Jones fracture
5th metatarsal tuberosity fracture
93
medial plantar nerve innervates
FDB, FHB, abductor hallucis, & first lumbrical
94
lateral plantar nerve innervates
adductor hallucis, interossei, lumbricals 2-4, quadratus plantae
95
what innervate the EDB
deep fibular nerve
96
Fovea
pit on femur head for attachment point for ligament of the head of femur
97
Break of the femoral head will damage what?
Med/Lat circumflex a.
98
Dislocation of the hip can injure?
sciatic nerve
99
arterial supply the cruciate ligaments, synivial membrane, and peripheral margins of the menisci
middle genicular a
100
What ligaments are usually torn during an ankle sprain?
- anterior talofibular ligament and sometimes calcaneofibular
- eversion
101
Potts Fraction-Dislocation
- Pulls on the strong medial collateral ligament and often tears off the medial malleolus. The talus then move laterally shearing off the lateral collateral malleolus or breaking the fibula
- inversion
102
Medial longitudinal arch bone make up
calcaneus, talus, navicular, three conforms, and three metatarsals
103
Lateral longitudinal arch bone make up
calcaneus, cuboid and two metatarsals
104
Layers of the heart (outside->in)
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
105
Ebstein’s anomaly
Tricuspid valve displaced towards apex making the right atrium larger than normal
106
Chordae tendineae
stringy part in the ventricles that play a vital role in holding the atrioventricular valves in place while the heart is pumping blood
107
Aortic Valve three cusps
right (right coronary a.), post, left (left coronary a.)
108
Most likely areas for artery coronary artery occlusion?
1. Anterior interventricular (LAD) branch of LCA
2. RCA
3. Circumflex branch of LCA
109
Diastole what valves are closed
pulmonary and aortic valves (atrium filling w blood)
110
systole what valves are closed
tricuspid and mitral valves (ventricle pumping blood)
111
parasympathetic innervation of the heart
vagus nerve (decrease heart rate)
112
sympathetic innervation of the heart
Lateral horn gray mater T1-T4
113
Heart pain
angina
114
Cardiac skeleton is made up of
left and right fibrous trigone
115
what the wall called that separate the right and left ventricle
septum
116
cardiac skeleton purpose
- Prevents the openings overly extended
- Provides attachment for leaflets and cusps
- Provides attachment for myocardium
- Electric insulator between atria and ventricles
117
what vein is used for a coronary bypass surgery
great saphenous vein
118
Septical Defect
blood can pass from atrium to atrium or ventricle to ventricle
119
Pericardiocentesis
A needle is inserted into the pericardial cavity through the fifth intercostal space left to the sternum or to the left of the xiphoid process
120
Right Lung parts
Superior: Apical, Posterior, Anterior
Middle: Lateral, Medial
Inferior: Superior, ant. basal, medial basal, lat. basal, post. basal
121
Left Lung Part
Superior: Apical, Posterior, Anterior, Sup lingual, inf. lingual
Inferior: Superior, Anterior basal, Medial basal, lat. basal, post. basal
122
Sac around lung part
parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura
123
where can fluid accumulate in the lungs
costodiaphragmatic recess and costomediastinal (sternocostal) recess
124
left and right pleural move laterally at what rib
left 4 (cardiac notch), right 6
125
anterior inferior pleural ending
8th costal cartilage (midclavicular line) 10th costal cartilage (midaxillary line)
126
posterior inferior pleural
medially (12th rib) laterally (10th rib)
127
herothorax
fluid accumulations within the pleural cavity include: blood (hemothorax), serous fluid (hydrothorax), pus (pyothorax), and lymphatic fluid (chylothorax)
128
Thoracentesis puncture area
midaxillary line at the seventh, eighth, or ninth intercostal space
129
intercostal space location
under named rib
130
visceral pleura blood supply
bronchial and pulmonary arteries
131
Pleural innervation
- lower intercostal nerves innervate the costal and peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleurae
- Phrenic nerves innervate the mediastinal and the central part of the diaphragmatic pleurae
132
Bronchial arteries supply
structures of the root of the lung, the bronchi to the level of the respiratory bronchioles, the supporting connective tissue and visceral pleura
133
Hilar Lymphadenopathy
abnormal increase in size of the bronchopulmonary nodes
134
Lung/trachea sensory nerve
vagus nerve
135
Ligament between aorta and pulmonary trunk
ligamentum arteriosum
136
True ribs
1-7
137
False ris
8-10 cartilage connects to above rib
138
Floating ribs
11, 12
139
intercostal muscles are innervated by what nerve
intercostal nerve
140
intercostal arteries beginning and end
- branch off descending aorta, have a collateral branch, end by connecting to the internal thoracic artery
- 12th rib subcostal artery
141
sternal angle location
- articulation of 2nd rib
| - start of aortic arch
142
Xiphisternal joint location
apex of the heart
143
Intercostal Nerve Block
most block intercostal and collateral nerve for full numbness
144
loss function of phrenic nerve results in
paralysis of corresponding side of diaphragm
145
Formed from branches coming off the sympathetic trunk
Splanchnic nerves
146
Cardiac shadow or silhouette (bottom to top)
- Left side of Xray: left ventricle, main pulmonary arch, aortopulmonary window, aortic arch
- Right side of Xray: inferior vena cava, right atrium, superior vena cava
147
is a closed sac that covers the heart and the beginning of its great vessels (layers)
- Pericardium
| - fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
148
pericardium sensory innervation
- phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)
| - pain correlates to dermatomes
149
pulmonary valve make up
left right anterior
150
right coronary artery branches
1. SA nodular branch
2. right marginal branch
3. posterior interventricular branch
151
Left coronary artery branches
1. anterior interventricular branch
| 2. circumflex branch -> left marginal branch
152
Coronary arteries and corresponding viens
- Posterior interventricular branch a -> middle cardiac c
- marginal branch -> small cardiac v.
- anterior interventricular branch -> great cardiac vein
153
Cardiac conducting system
1. Sinu-atrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Bundle of His (right branch through moderator band, left branch)
4. Purkinje cells
154
what should be administered when platelets are low
Tpo
155
what should be administered when RBCs are low
Epo
156
what should be administered when granulocytes are low
GM-CSF
157
where does hemopoiesis take place in fetal?
liver and spleen
158
where does hemopoiesis take place in adults
red bone marrow
159
Aortic valve area of auscultation
right 2nd sternal intercostal space
160
Pulmonic valve area of auscultation
left 2nd sternal intercostal space
161
tricuspid valve area of auscultation
left 5th sternal intercostal space
162
mitral valve area of auscultation
left 5th midclavicular intercostal space
163
Hamstring muscles and their origin
- semitendinosis, semimembranosus, and bicep femoris (long head)
- ishial tuberosity
164
gracilis orgin
pubis symphysis
165
quadricep muscles and origins and insertions
- rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius, lateralis
- ORIGIN: anterior inferior iliac spine: rectus femoris
- INSERTION: tibial tuberosity
166
iliosas insertion
lesser trochanter
167
satoris origin
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS
168
Iliotibial band insertion
lateral condyle of tibia
169
Tensor fascia latae origin
anterior superior iliac spine
170
biceps femoris insertion
head of fibula
171
poster gluteal nerves
sup/inf gluteal nerves, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal
172
posterior gluteal nerves
sup/inf gluteal nerves, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal
173
ectoderm
parts of the skin, the brain and the nervous system
174
mesoderm
gives rise to bones, muscles, the heart and circulatory system, and internal sex organs
175
endoderm
turns into the inner lining of some systems, and some organs such as the liver and pancreas
176
What is the mediastinum
It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity and contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs
177
What is located in the superior mediastinum
```
The trachea and upper parts of the great vessels
More info:
1. Superior vena cava (SVC)
2. Brachiocephalic veins
3. Arch of the aorta
4. Thoracic duct
5. Trachea
6. Esophagus
7. Vagus nerve
8. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
9. Phrenic nerve
10. thymus
```
178
What is found in the posterior mediastinum
1. Esophagus
2. Thoracic aorta
3. Azygos and hemiazygos veins
4. Thoracic duct
5. Vagus nerves
6. Sympathetic trunk
7. Splanchnic nerves
179
Pericarditis
- Inflammation of pericardium, which can result in the following, and has symptoms of dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, pain when breathing in and paradoxic pulse (variation in pulse such that it becomes weaker with inhalation and stronger with exhalation. It is more difficult for heart to pump with more pressure during inhalation, while some pressure is released during exhalation.)
- Treated with pericardiocentesis (removal of fluid to relieve pressure)
- 5th intercostal space to L of sternum
180
secrete lipid to make cells impermeable to water
Lamellar granules
181
Which strata has the granules that contribute to the function of the skin as a permeability layer?
Stratum granulosum
182
Langerhan cells location
spinous layer
183
Dermatoglyphs (fingerprints) formed by
the interdigitations b/w the dermal papillae and the epidermal ridges which are in the epidermis
184
thin skin vs thick skin
you don’t see the stratum lucidum in thin skin
185
Melanocytes derived from
ectoderm
186
Bullous pemphigoid (blisters) occur where
occurs at the dermal –epidermal junction
187
Which receptor in the skin detects coarse touch, Vibration?
Pacinian corpuscle
188
sebaceous gland
by hair follicle that secretes oily substance
189
arector pili muscle
muscle connected to hair in dermis
190
Know that eccrine sweat glands are associated with hyperhidrosis, a condition where you sweat excessively, and know this is what they look like under a micrograph
See pdf
191
Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous keratinized
192
What lies deep to the dermis?
Subcutaneous hypodermis or superficial fascia
193
What is the primary cell type in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
194
how does Stratum basale attach to dermis
hemidesmosomes and integrin
195
Which sensory receptors in the epidermis detect light-touch (tactile)?
Basal merkel cells
196
Osteoprogenitor
```
-Origin and location
Embryonic mesenchyme
-Location
Periosteum and endosteum
Lining Haversian canals
-Phenotype
Flat, Spindle-shaped
Ovoid or elongated nuclei
-Fate
Osteoblasts or chondrogenic cells
```
197
Osteoblasts
```
-Origin
Osteoprogenitor cells
-Location
Surface of active bone
-Phenotype & function
Cuboidal, large nucleus, RER, Golgi complex.
Produce and secret osteoid
-Fate
Osteocytes, Bone Lining Cells, Apoptosis
```
198
Osteocytes
```
-Origin
Osteoblast
-Location
Within bone matrix
-Phenotype & Function
Flat and lenticular shaped
Regulate blood calcium levels
Sense mechanical strain
-Fate
Apoptosis
```
199
Osteoclats
```
-Origin
Bone marrow derived mononucleated cells
-Location
Howship’s lacunae/Resorption bays
-Phenotype & Function
Multinucleated (up to 50)
Cytoplasm has a foamy appearance
Acidophilic
4 Zones
Bone maintenance
Regulate blood calcium levels
-Fate
Apoptosis
```
200
Parathyroid Hormone have what effect on bone activity
Increased osteoclast activity
201
Calcitonin have what effect on bone activity
Decreased osteoclast activity
202
osteoblast
form bone
203
osteoclast
reabsorb bone
204
Osteoporosis
- Estrogen and testosterone production deficiency.
| - Age-related inflammation (NF-κB)
205
Rickets
- Thickening of the growth plate
- Production of cartilage and osteoid
- Soft bones
- Bone deformities (bowing of bones)
- Vitamin D deficiency
206
Osteomalacia
- Vitamin D deficiency or Malabsorption
- Pseudo fractures and excessive osteoid
- Indoors for long periods of time
207
Acromegaly
-GH hypersecretion
| Benign tumor on the anterior pituitary
208
Chondrogenic cells
```
-Origin
Mesenchymal cells
-Phenotype
Spindle-shaped, abundant free ribosomes
-Location
Periosteum
-Fate
Chondroblasts or osteoprogenitor
```
209
Chondroblasts
```
-Origin
Chondrogenic or mesenchymal cells
-Phenotype & Function
Round, abundant RER, Golgi complex, basophilic
Secrete cartilage matrix
-Location:
Between chondrogenic and chondrocytes
-Fate
Chondrocytes
```
210
Chondrocytes
```
-Origin
Chondroblast
-Phenotype & Function
Oval to round shape, large nucleus, abundant RER and well developed Golgi apparatus
Produce and Maintain extra cellular matrix
-Location
Embedded in the Cartilage Matrix
-Fate
Apoptosis
```
211
Hyaline Cartilage
-Matrix
type II Collagen, aggrecans, chondronectin, and extracellular fluid
-Locations
Subadults: template for long bones during development, epiphyseal growth plates for long bones.
Adult: Nose, larynx, ventral ends of ribs, tracheal rings and bronchi, articular surface of moveable joints
-Functions
Structural support for respiratory tract
Extensive cross-linking among components
Allows for low-friction movement at joints
212
Elastic Cartilage
-Matrix
Type II Collagen, aggrecan, elastic fibers
-Locations
Pinna of the ear, external and internal auditory tubes, the epiglottis and larynx
-Functions
Provides support for soft tissue and allows for flexibility
213
Fibrocartilage
-Matrix
Type I and II collagen, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate
-Locations
Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, articular disks, and some enthesis
-Functions
Provides cushioning, resistance to compression and tearing, and tensile strength
- NO
214
Osteoarthritis
```
-Most common Joint Disorder
Wear and Tear
Injury
-Usually Involves:
Femoral Head
Knee
Vertebra (cervical & lumbar)
Hands
-Symptoms
deep, aching pain exacerbated by use morning stiffness, grating or popping sensation in the joint, limited range of movement
```
