Anatomy Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
Right hypochondriac
A
right kidney, gallbladder, liver
2
Q
Epigastric
A
L/R kidney, pancreas, duodenum, liver, stomach
3
Q
Left hypochondriac
A
Pancreas, left kidney, spleen, liver (tip)
4
Q
Right lateral (lumbar)
A
ascending colon, liver (tip), gallbladder, right kidney
5
Q
Umbilicus
A
Duodenum, ileum, jejunum, pancreas, transverse colon
6
Q
Left lateral (lumbar)
A
Left kidney, descending colon
7
Q
Right inguinal
A
Cecum and ascending colon, appendix
8
Q
Pubic
A
Female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, urinary bladder
9
Q
Left inguinal
A
Sigmoid colon, descending colon
10
Q
Abdominal Muscles
A
External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal (rectus sheath, rectus abdominus, pyramidalis
11
Q
Which membrane is sutured during an abdominal surgery?
A
membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue
12
Q
Where can fluid build up after an abdominal surgery?
A
membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue covering the rectus abdominus and external oblique muscle
13
Q
pyramidalis innervation
A
Iliohypogastric
14
Q
Arteries of the superficial abdominal wall
A
Musculophrenic Superior epigastric Inferior epigastric Deep circumflex iliac Superficial circumflex iliac Superficial epigastric
15
Q
Lymph drainage above transumbilical plane
A
axillary lymph nodes
16
Q
Lymph drainage below TU plane
A
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
17
Q
Inguinal Ligament attachments
A
ASIS -> Pubic Tubercle
18
Q
contents of inguinal canal (male and female)
A
- spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females
- ilio-inguinal nerve
19
Q
Muscle that surrounds the spermatic cord and pulls testicles superior
A
Cremaster M (cold environments)
20
Q
muscle that contracts scrotum
A
Dartos muscle
21
Q
contents of spermaticord
A
Ductus deferens Testicular artery Cremasteric Vessels Pampiniform venous plexus Sympathetic nerve fibers Artery of ductus deferens
22
Q
Direct Hernias
A
-
- medial to inf. epigastric artery
- Peritoneum plus tranversalis fascia
23
Q
Indirect Hernias
A
- goes through the deep and superficial inguinal ring into scrotum
- originate lateral to inf. epigastric artery
- peritoneum plus all three fascial coverings of cord/round ligament
24
Q
Umbilicus dermatome and vertebral segment
A
Indicates level of T10 dermatome, typically at the level IV disc between L3 and L4
25
Parietal peritoneum pain
localized
26
Visceral peritoneum pain
referred
27
Greater omentum is made up of?
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
28
Lesser omentum is made up of?
Hepatogastric ligament
| Hepatoduodenal ligament
29
How can an infection travel from the supracolic to infracolic compartments?
- Right and Left paracolic gutters
| - left paracolis gutter cannot flow cranially due to restrictions of the phrenicocolic ligament
30
Infection or inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
Peritonitis
31
Adhesiotomy
surgical separation of the adhesions of fibrous peritoneum
32
Intraperitoneal injections/peritoneal dialysis
Therefore anesthetic agents may be injected into the peritoneal cavity by IP (intra-peritoneal) injections.
During renal failure, waste products will start to accumulate in the blood and tissues which can ultimately reach fatal levels. Soluble substances and water can be removed through peritoneal dialysis by introducing a dilute sterile solution allowing it to flow through the cavity, and after a period of time it is removed. Peritoneal dialysis is only a temporary solution, more long term situations it is preferred to use direct blood flow through a renal dialysis machine.
33
Foregut, midgut, and hind gut arteries
celiac (stomach liver gallbladder), SMA (small intestines cecum ascending colon), IMA (colon rectum)
34
arterial supply of the esophagus
left gastric artery esophageal branch
35
Liver cirrosis can cause what venous issue?
- esophageal varices
- as the portal venous blood is shunted into the caval system using portosystemic anastomoses
- paraumbilical veins (tributary to portal vein) and epigastric veins (draining into systemic circulation) in the anterior abdominal wall
36
sensory and motor innervation of the esophagus is by the
vagus nerve
37
where the esophagus enters the stomach
cardia
38
Retroperitoneal organs
rest of duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, middle part of rectum, pancreatic head and body, kidneys, adrenals, IVC, aorta
39
Stomach para and sympathetic innervation
- The parasympathetic nerve supply from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks and their branches
- The sympathetic nerve supply is from T6-T9 segments of spinal cord which passes to celiac plexus via the greater splanchnic nerves.
40
gallbladder arterial supply
cystic artery
41
spleens job
- Filtration of blood (immune system)
- Storage of white blood cells
- Recycles red blood cells
42
What ligament runs from the left colic flexure to diaphragm and is thought to support the spleen?
phrenicocolic ligament
43
Ligament around short gastric artery and vein and connect to spleen
Gastrosplenic lig
44
Ligament around the splenic artery and vein and connect to spleen
Splenorenal lig
45
Intraperitaneal organs
stomach, initial inch of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, first 1/3 of rectum, liver, spleen, pancreatic tail and body, ovaries
46
Spleen and stomach lymph drains to
celiac nodes
47
T6-T9 sympathetically innervates what organs
liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
48
Spleen para and sympathetic innervation?
- Vagus
| - T6-T8
49
Where is spleen pain felt and what is it called
- Kehr's sign
| - referred pain is felt at the left shoulder
50
Where is spleen pain felt and what is it called
- Kehr's sign
- referred pain is felt at the left shoulder
- diaphragmatic irritation
51
What was the vestige of ligamentum theres hepatis
obliterated umbilical vein
52
In the supine position, fluid draining from the omental bursa flows into this recess
hepatorenal recess
53
is a typical dissection point for hilar bile ducts
medial segment (medial inferior area)
54
Liver blood supply
- Portal Vein (70-80%) nutrient rich, oxygen poor
- Hepatic Arteries oxygen rich
- blood mixes at the hepatic sinusoids
55
what drains into the SMV
jejuna, ileal, ileocolic, right colic, middle colic, right gastro-omental, and anterior and posterior inferior pancreatico-duodenal veins
56
Which veins drain directly into he portal vein
right and left gastric veins of the stomach
the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
the cystic veins from the gall bladder
the paraumbilical veins
57
Which veins drain directly into he portal vein
right and left gastric veins of the stomach
the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
the cystic veins from the gall bladder
the paraumbilical veins
58
Liver lymph drainage
Lymph primarily drains to phrenic nodes near and above the diaphragm and to hepatic nodes near the porta hepatis
59
Common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct connect to make the
hepatopancreatic ampula
60
hepatobiliary triangle structure and importance
- is an anatomic space bordered by the common hepatic duct medially, the cystic duct inferiorly and the liver superiorly
- cystic artery passes through the triangle
61
if infection arises in greater sac it will
stay localized
62
What part of the duodenum does pancreatic cancer spread to firste
superior
63
Prominent folds of inner wall encircling the lumen and where they are and aren't found
- Plicae circulares
| - mainly in jejunum and less in ileum
64
valve between cecum and ileum
ileocecal valve
65
Appendicitis symptoms
LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT PAIN, fever, n & v, appetite loss
66
fat globulars on large intestines
omental appendices
67
band running with large intestine
Taeniae coli
68
sections of large intestines
Haustra
69
Ascending colon blood supply
SMA -> ileocolic -> colic
SMA -> ileocolic -> anterior cecal
SMA -> ileocolic -> posterior cecal
SMA -> right colic
70
Transverse colon arterial supply
SMA -> right colic
SMA -> middle colic
IMA -> left colic
71
Descending colon arterial supply
IMA -> left colic
72
Sigmoid colon arterial supply
IMA -> sigmoidal aa.
73
Ischemic bowel disease most common area
- loss of blood supply to specific segment of intestine
- decrease bowl sounds
- Most likely to get ischemic inner section of transverse and descending colon
- marginal artery
74
gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- Combats parasites and ingested pathogenic microbes – that’s good!
- Facilitates spread of metastatic tumors – that’s bad!
75
Jejunum/ileum lymph drainage
Sup mesenteric lymph nodes
76
Ascending colon lymph drainage
mesecolic lymph nodes
77
Descending colon lymph drainage
mesecolic lymph nodes -> inf mesenteric lymph nodes
78
Para and sympathetic innervation of intestines
- para: Vagus and spinal nn
| - sym: myenteric plexuses
79
Enteric nervous system is made up of
myenteric and submucosal plexuses
80
Peyer's patches
- small masses of lymph tissue
| - mainly found in appendix and small intestines
81
Peyer's patches
- small masses of lymph tissue
| - mainly found in appendix and small intestines
82
sphincter that cuts of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
83
Kidney orientation
left kidney higher than right
84
Three places ureter are constricted
- At the ureteropelvic junction (between ureters and renal pelves)
- Crossing the external iliac artery and/or pelvic brim
- As the ureter traverses the bladder wall
85
Pancreatic cancer of the head of the pancreas can obstruct
the bile duct
86
Suprarenal cortex is derives from
- mesoderm
| - outside of adrenal gland
87
renal arteries five segmental arteries
```
Four anterior segmental branches:
-Apical segmental artery
-Anterosuperior segmental artery
-Anteroinferior segmental artery
-Inferior segmental artery
One posterior segmental artery:
-Posterior segmental artery
```
88
Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome
The SMA anteriorly and the abdominal aorta posteriorly
89
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
Medial – Psoas major and minor (Anterior rami of L1,L2,L3)
Lateral – Quadratus lumborum (Ventral rami of T12, L1-L4)
Inferior – Iliacus (femoral nerve)
Superior - Diaphragm
90
chief walker muscle
iliacus
91
ligament connecting the pelvis to spinal column
Iliolumbar Ligament
92
Ligaments of the diaphragm
Median arcuate ligament
Medial arcuate ligament - psoas major
Lateral arcuate ligament - quadratus lumborum
93
Diaphragmatic apertures
```
T8: caval foramen
IVC
terminal br of R phrenic n.
lymphatics
T10: esophageal hiatus
esophagus
ant. and post. vagal trunks
lymphatics
esophageal br. of L gastric a.
T12: aortic hiatus
descending aorta
thoracic duct
+/- azygos v.
```
94
Abdominal Aorta branches
```
Unpaired – 3 branches
Celiac trunk (T12)
Superior mesenteric a. (L1)
Inferior mesenteric a. (L3)
Paired – 3 branches
Renal a. (btw. L1 and L2) hilum
Middle Suprarenal a. (L1)
Gonadal (Testicular or Ovarian) (L2)
Posterior or parietal Branches:
Inferior phrenic a.
Lumbar a. (four pairs)
Median sacral a. – passes over ant. surface of lower Lumbar V and then anterior surface of sacrum/coccyx
```
95
Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
```
Subcostal
1st lumbar nerve:
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral – L1-L2 (runs over psoas major)
Lat. Femoral Cutaneous – L2-3
Femoral – L2-4
Accessory Obturator
Obturator – L2-4
Lumbosacral trunk
```
96
Femoral cutaneous innervation
front of thigh
97
Ilii-Inguinal cutaneous innervation
ballsack area
98
obturator nerve cutaneous innervation
inner thigh
99
Genitofemoral nerve branches innervate and cutaneous innervation
-Genital branch:
Male: cremasteric muscle and skin in the sup. ant. part of the scrotum (male)
Female: (with the round ligament) mons pubis and labia majora
-Femoral branch – supplies the skin of the sup. ant. thigh
-front top thigh
100
three bones of the pelvis
ileum
isheum
pubis
101
Primary structure involved in transferring weight of upper body to ilia then to femurs (when standing) or ischial tuberosities (when sitting)
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments
102
Female vs male pelvic girdle
```
General structure: thin and light
Greater pelvis: shallow
Lesser pelvis: wide and shallow
Pelvic inlet: oval or rounded
Pelvic outlet: comparatively large
Pubic arch and subpubic angle: wide (>80o)
Obturator foramen: oval
Acetabulum: small
```
```
General structure: thick and heavy
Greater pelvis: deep
Lesser pelvis: narrow and deep
Pelvic inlet: heart shaped
Pelvic outlet: comparatively small
Pubic arch and subpubic angle: narrow (<70o)
Obturator foramen: round
Acetabulum: large
```
103
Greater sciatic notch in males and females
more narrow in males
104
Anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the lesser pelvis length of child birth (True (obstetric) conjugate)
Should be 11 cm or greater
105
Interspinous distance for child birth
Should be about 10 cm
106
Posterior abdominal lymph nodes all drain to
cisterna chyli
107
Which cell is most important for nerve regeneration?
Schwann cells
108
Most brain tumors are derived from
-fibrous astrocytes
-astrocytomas
These are distinguished pathologically by their expression of GFAP
109
Parts of the neuron
- cell body: Serves as the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron
- dendrite: Specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses
- axon: Specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells (e.g., nerve, muscle, and gland cells) can also receive information from other neurons
110
ligament from anus to coccyx
Anococcygeal ligament
111
what nerve and vessels pass through the Ischioanal fossae
inferior rectal nerve and vessels
112
blood supply to rectum
Inferior rectal a. anastomoses with middle and superior rectal aa
113
nerve to the anus muscles
Inferior rectal nerve
114
main arterial supply and innervation to urogenital area
Internal pudendal artery
| Internal pudendal nerve
115
crura of penis run into
corpus cavernosum
116
what part of the penis fills with blood when an erection occurs and what ligament contains this blood?
- corpus cavernosum
| - Tunica Albuginea
117
the bulb of the penis runs to form the
Corpus Spongiosum
118
defined as the inability to retract the prepuce from the glans penis due to a constriction in the preputial orifice
Phimosis
119
ligaments associated with hold the penis erect
- Suspensory Ligament (top)
- Fundiform Ligament (bottom)
-suspensory lig only in women
120
Superficial Perineal Muscles
- bulbospongiosus
- ischiocavernosus
- superficial transverse perineal
121
Contraction of this muscle aids in expelling urine or semen from drainage from the corpus spongiosum
bulbospongiosus
122
contraction of these muscles aids in erection by impeding venous drainage from the corpora cavernosa and by pushing blood from the root to the body of the penis
- ischiocavernosus
| - bulboscavernosum
123
are rounded elevations around the margins of the vaginal orifice that represent remnants of the hymen
Hymeneal caruncles
124
The glands are stimulated by sexual arousal to secrete mucous in females (glands and openings name)
- Ducts open into the vestibule
| - The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
125
glands that secret mucus for women and add fluid to semen
- The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
- can get cysts
- Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands (urethral secretion)
-bulbourethral glands (Cowper's Gland)
126
the glans of the clitoris and glans of the penis, as well as the distal spongy urethra drain towards the
deep inguinal nodes
127
scrotum, skin of the penis, mons pubis, labia majora, part of the labia minora, and the anal canal below the pectinate line) send their lymphatics along with the branches of the external pudendal vessels and thus drain to
the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
128
Primary artery of the perineum and external genitalia
internal pudendal artery
129
Sensory, sympathetic, and somatic motor of the penis is
dorsal nerve of penis from pudendal
130
carry parasympathetic to innervate the helicine arteries allowing engorgement of erectile tissue which causes an erection
Cavernous nerves
131
Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles innervated by
deep branch of perineal nerve
132
Injury to perineal body
- external urethral sphincter, levator ani, and rectal muscle
- Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles
- External anal sphincter
- Bulbospongiosus
-Erectile problems, fecal incontinent
133
Levator ani is made up of
Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
134
Pelvic diaphragm muscles
Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus
135
Fluid can pass to scrotum and swell
| through vaginal ring and accumulate where?
tunica vaginalis
136
Hydrocele
Accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis
137
Varicocele
Accumulation of blood within the pampiniform plexus due to dysfunctional testicular veins
138
content of spermatic cord
- pampiniform plexus
- testicular artery
- cremasteric artery
- artery of the ductus deferens
- lymphatic vessels
- testicular sympathetic nerves
- ductus deferens
139
Testicular torsion and ischemia caused by
twisting of testicular artery
140
Superficial perineal pouch in males
Root of the penis, along with ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
Proximal spongy urethra
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves
141
Superficial perineal pouch in females
Clitoris and ischiocavernosus
Vestibular bulbs and bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves
142
Urethral rupture will bleed where, when?
- Bleeding in deep perineal pouch or superficial perineal pouch
- dividing line perineal membrane
- Both bleeding = double rupture or tear in perineal membrane
143
vesiclevaginal fistula
bladder -> vagina
144
rectovaginal fistula
rectum -> vagina
145
urethrovaginal fistula
urethra -> vagina
146
vaginoperineal fistula
-vagina -> outer skin
-Vaginoperineal fistula only one that
goes through perineal membrane
147
Superficial perineal pouch innervation and arterial supply
Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves
148
deep perineal pouch innervation and arterial supply
branches of internal pudendal artery and vein, branches of perineal nerve
149
Major muscle comprising the walls of the bladder
| Embedded with stretch receptors
Detrusor muscle
150
Hypogastric nerve does what during micturition
detrusor contraction, outlet relaxation
151
Pudendal nerve does what during micturition
external sphincter relaxation
152
In males: pelvic parasympathetic nerve controls what during micturition
relax the internal sphincter
153
The bladder during pregnancy
- Let’s just say capacity decreases!
| - Many women experience temporary urinary incontinence – adult diapers
154
Bladder lymphatic drainage into the
internal iliac lymph nodes
155
Ductus deferens are
continuation of the duct of the epididymis
156
Ejaculatory ducts
connects ductus deferens to urethra (in the prostate
157
Path of ductus deferens
- Starts at the tail of the epididymis located at the inferior pole of the testes.
- Ascends posterior to the testis, medial to the epididymis
- Penetrates the anterior abdominal wall via the inguinal canal
- Crosses over external iliac vessels and enter the pelvis
- Travels along the lateral wall of the pelvis (external to the parietal peritoneum, but with no other structures between them)
- Crosses superior to the ureter to the fundus of the bladder
- Posterior to the bladder it travels superior and then medially to the seminal vesicle
- Enlarges to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens
- Ends when it joins the duct of the seminal gland, together forming the ejaculatory duct
158
Seminal Glands purpose
Secrete a thick alkaline fluid containing fructose, an energy source for sperm, and a coagulating
159
prostate lymph drainage
internal iliac lymph nodes
160
Bulbo-urethral glands (aka Cowper glands)
Mucus like secretions enter the urethra during sexual arousal and comprise less than 1% of the semen
161
Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the penis does what
para: erection
sympathetic: ejaculation
162
Sympathetic penile stimulation contraction of internal urethral sphincter to
prevent retrograde ejaculation
163
Ductus deferens lymph and Ejaculatory duct
drains to the external iliac lymph nodes
164
Seminal vesicle lymph
Inferior portion drains to internal iliac lymph nodes, superior portion drains to external iliac lymph nodes
165
Prostate lymph
drains mostly to internal iliac lymph nodes
166
Four muscles compress the vagina and act like sphincters
ubovaginalis
External urethral sphincter
Urethrovaginal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus
167
Endometrium
inner mucous coat, actively involved in menstruation, site of blastocyst implantation
168
portion of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries
Mesovarium
169
major part of broad ligament that serves as mesentery for the uterus, inferior to mesovarium and mesosalpinx
Mesometrium
170
Uterine cancer can easily pass to the
- Bladder because no membrane separating it and the cervix
| - Isthmus and cervix lie in direct contact with bladder with no peritoneal separation
171
Uterine cancer can easily pass to the
- Bladder because no membrane separating it and the cervix
| - Isthmus and cervix lie in direct contact with bladder with no peritoneal membrane separation
172
what part of the uterine tube catches the egg from the ovary
fimbriae
173
Hysterectomy
Removal of uterus
174
What muscle comes though great sciatic foramen
piriformis
175
what muscle covers obturator foramen
obturator internus
176
Levator ani inneravtion
anterior rami of lower sacral nerves, perineal nerve
177
pelvic fascia that suspends the vagina
Paracolpium
178
what muscle is most likely to be injured
| during childbirth
Pubococcygeus
179
Muscle important for maintaining fecal
| continents
puborectalis
180
Lymphatic Drainage of Rectum
Lymphatic drainage of the rectum is via the pararectal lymph nodes, which drain into the inferior mesenteric nodes. Additionally, the lymph from the lower aspect of the rectum drains directly into the internal iliac lymph nodes
181
what lymph nodes can be felt during a Rectal Examination
Internal iliac lymph node
182
what lymph nodes can be felt during a Rectal Examination
Internal iliac lymph node
183
Calot's triangle
- laterally cystic duct
| - medially common hepatic duct
184
splenorenal ligament contains
splenic vessels and tail of pancreas
185
gastrorenal ligament contains
short gastric vessels and left gastroomental vessels
186
if the appendix ruptures what will it affect
- structures in the greater sac
| - lesser sac is the omental bursa
187
adult polycystic disease
- multiple kinden cysts that can cause renal failure
| - autosomal dominant trait
188
shorter urethra correlates with more
UTIs
189
paraplegic micturition
-spinal cord injury between sacral spinal cord and brain stem or sacral cord/root damage
-inability to initiate micturition
-no bladder sensation
-
190
Prostate and semen
Fluids from the prostate make up about 15-20% of the volume of semen (combination of sperm from testes and fluids from the ejaculatory duct, seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands). Plays a role in activating the sperm.
191
Prostate and semen
Fluids from the prostate make up about 15-20% of the volume of semen (combination of sperm from testes and fluids from the ejaculatory duct, seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands). Plays a role in activating the sperm.
192
ductus deferens lymph drainage
external iliac
193
seminal vesicle lymph drainage
inferior portion: internal iliac
| superior portion: external iliac
194
ejaculatory duct lymph drainage
external illiac
195
prostate lymph drainage
mostly internal iliac but can also drain into sacral lymph nodes
196
lymph drainage of uterus
- uterine fundus and superior uterine body drain along ovarian vessels to lumbar lymph nodes,
- uterine body drain within the broad ligament to the external iliac lymph nodes
197
cervix lymph drainage
-cervix pass along uterine vessels to internal iliac lymph nodes or sacral lymph nodes
198
women pelvic lymph drainage all have to pass through
lumbar lymph nodes
199
Uterine tubes and ovaries lymph drainage
fundus of the uterus to the lumbar lymph nodes
200
Nerve that can be compressed during childbirth
sciatic nerve
201
When obturator nerve is damaged (sensory and motor )
sensory: medial thigh
motor: adductor muscles
202
Take out uterus ligate uterine artery what structure must be careful to not severe
ureter
203
during micturition what nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter
puedendal nerve
| -possibly perineal branch
204
location of internal iliac vessels
common iliac -> external iliac (lateral), internal iliac (medial)
205
How does rigor mortis happen
In the absence of ATP, the actin-myosin crossbridges become stable, which accounts for the rigidity of skeletal muscles (rigor mortis) that occurs as mitochondrial activity stops after death
206
role of intercalated disc
-Intercalated discs support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue.
-Zonula adherens (A):
Anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres
-Macula adherens (B):
Bind cells together to prevent separation during contraction
-Gap junctions (C):
Provide ionic continuity for spread of action potentials between cells
207
Myasthenia gravis
- Antibody binding to the antigenic sites interferes with acetylcholine activation of their receptors, leading to intermittent periods of skeletal muscle weakness
- As the body attempts to correct the condition, junctional folds of sarcolemma with affected receptors are internalized, digested by lysosomes, and replaced by newly formed receptors
- These receptors, however, are again made unresponsive to acetylcholine by similar antibodies, and the disease follows a progressive course
- The extraocular muscles of the eyes are commonly the first affected
208
Skeletal muscle regeneration
-consists of mature fibers incapable of mitosis:
Satellite cells within basal lamina of muscle cells:
Mononucleate, inactive myoblasts capable of mitosis
209
Cardiac muscle regeneration
- has virtually no regenerative capacity:
| - Damaged muscle is replaced by connective tissue proliferation, leaving myocardial scars
210
Smooth muscle regeneration
-has a population of undifferentiated mononucleate smooth muscle precursors:
-Pericytes of blood vessels
-Pregnant myometrium:
Uterus enlarges to accommodate the growing fetus
211
esophageal hiatus
esophagus
ant. and post. vagal trunks
lymphatics
esophageal br. of L gastric a.
212
aortic hiatus contents
descending aorta
thoracic duct
+/- azygos v.
213
caval foramen
IVC
terminal br of R phrenic n.
lymphatics
214
secondary retroperitoneum
duodenum
ascending
ascending colon
215
artery that supplies blood to the major erectile body? (penis or clitoris)
Deep artery of the penis
216
perineum and external genitalia lymph drain to (such as the scrotum, skin of the penis, mons pubis, labia majora, part of the labia minora, and the anal canal below the pectinate line)
superficial inguinal lymph
217
ovaries and testicles lymph drain to the
lumbar lymph nodes
218
Anal canal lymph drainage? (above visceral and below parietal\)
visceral: internal iliac lymph
parietal: superficial inguinal
219
nerve that carries parasympathetic to innervate the helicine arteries allowing engorgement of erectile tissue which causes an erection
cavernous nerve
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Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles (innervated by deep branch of perineal nerve) increase pressure of erectile tissue to aid in erection and compress deep dorsal vein to increase turgidity of penis.
(innervated by deep branch of perineal nerve)
