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Anatomy > Anatomy Exam #3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Right hypochondriac

A

right kidney, gallbladder, liver

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2
Q

Epigastric

A

L/R kidney, pancreas, duodenum, liver, stomach

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3
Q

Left hypochondriac

A

Pancreas, left kidney, spleen, liver (tip)

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4
Q

Right lateral (lumbar)

A

ascending colon, liver (tip), gallbladder, right kidney

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5
Q

Umbilicus

A

Duodenum, ileum, jejunum, pancreas, transverse colon

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6
Q

Left lateral (lumbar)

A

Left kidney, descending colon

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7
Q

Right inguinal

A

Cecum and ascending colon, appendix

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8
Q

Pubic

A

Female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, urinary bladder

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9
Q

Left inguinal

A

Sigmoid colon, descending colon

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10
Q

Abdominal Muscles

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal (rectus sheath, rectus abdominus, pyramidalis

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11
Q

Which membrane is sutured during an abdominal surgery?

A

membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue

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12
Q

Where can fluid build up after an abdominal surgery?

A

membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue covering the rectus abdominus and external oblique muscle

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13
Q

pyramidalis innervation

A

Iliohypogastric

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14
Q

Arteries of the superficial abdominal wall

A 
Musculophrenic
Superior epigastric
Inferior epigastric
Deep circumflex iliac
Superficial circumflex iliac
Superficial epigastric
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15
Q

Lymph drainage above transumbilical plane

A

axillary lymph nodes

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16
Q

Lymph drainage below TU plane

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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17
Q

Inguinal Ligament attachments

A

ASIS -> Pubic Tubercle

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18
Q

contents of inguinal canal (male and female)

A
  • spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females
  • ilio-inguinal nerve
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19
Q

Muscle that surrounds the spermatic cord and pulls testicles superior

A

Cremaster M (cold environments)

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20
Q

muscle that contracts scrotum

A

Dartos muscle

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21
Q

contents of spermaticord

A 
Ductus deferens
Testicular artery
Cremasteric Vessels
Pampiniform venous plexus
Sympathetic nerve fibers
Artery of ductus deferens
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22
Q

Direct Hernias

A

-

  • medial to inf. epigastric artery
  • Peritoneum plus tranversalis fascia
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23
Q

Indirect Hernias

A
  • goes through the deep and superficial inguinal ring into scrotum
  • originate lateral to inf. epigastric artery
  • peritoneum plus all three fascial coverings of cord/round ligament
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24
Q

Umbilicus dermatome and vertebral segment

A

Indicates level of T10 dermatome, typically at the level IV disc between L3 and L4

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25
Q

Parietal peritoneum pain

A

localized

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26
Q

Visceral peritoneum pain

A

referred

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27
Q

Greater omentum is made up of?

A

Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament

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28
Q

Lesser omentum is made up of?

A

Hepatogastric ligament

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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29
Q

How can an infection travel from the supracolic to infracolic compartments?

A
  • Right and Left paracolic gutters

- left paracolis gutter cannot flow cranially due to restrictions of the phrenicocolic ligament

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30
Q

Infection or inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

A

Peritonitis

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31
Q

Adhesiotomy

A

surgical separation of the adhesions of fibrous peritoneum

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32
Q

Intraperitoneal injections/peritoneal dialysis

A

Therefore anesthetic agents may be injected into the peritoneal cavity by IP (intra-peritoneal) injections.
During renal failure, waste products will start to accumulate in the blood and tissues which can ultimately reach fatal levels. Soluble substances and water can be removed through peritoneal dialysis by introducing a dilute sterile solution allowing it to flow through the cavity, and after a period of time it is removed. Peritoneal dialysis is only a temporary solution, more long term situations it is preferred to use direct blood flow through a renal dialysis machine.

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33
Q

Foregut, midgut, and hind gut arteries

A

celiac (stomach liver gallbladder), SMA (small intestines cecum ascending colon), IMA (colon rectum)

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34
Q

arterial supply of the esophagus

A

left gastric artery esophageal branch

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35
Q

Liver cirrosis can cause what venous issue?

A
  • esophageal varices
  • as the portal venous blood is shunted into the caval system using portosystemic anastomoses
  • paraumbilical veins (tributary to portal vein) and epigastric veins (draining into systemic circulation) in the anterior abdominal wall
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36
Q

sensory and motor innervation of the esophagus is by the

A

vagus nerve

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37
Q

where the esophagus enters the stomach

A

cardia

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38
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

rest of duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, middle part of rectum, pancreatic head and body, kidneys, adrenals, IVC, aorta

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39
Q

Stomach para and sympathetic innervation

A
  • The parasympathetic nerve supply from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks and their branches
  • The sympathetic nerve supply is from T6-T9 segments of spinal cord which passes to celiac plexus via the greater splanchnic nerves.
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40
Q

gallbladder arterial supply

A

cystic artery

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41
Q

spleens job

A
  • Filtration of blood (immune system)
  • Storage of white blood cells
  • Recycles red blood cells
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42
Q

What ligament runs from the left colic flexure to diaphragm and is thought to support the spleen?

A

phrenicocolic ligament

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43
Q

Ligament around short gastric artery and vein and connect to spleen

A

Gastrosplenic lig

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44
Q

Ligament around the splenic artery and vein and connect to spleen

A

Splenorenal lig

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45
Q

Intraperitaneal organs

A

stomach, initial inch of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, first 1/3 of rectum, liver, spleen, pancreatic tail and body, ovaries

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46
Q

Spleen and stomach lymph drains to

A

celiac nodes

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47
Q

T6-T9 sympathetically innervates what organs

A

liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

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48
Q

Spleen para and sympathetic innervation?

A
  • Vagus

- T6-T8

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49
Q

Where is spleen pain felt and what is it called

A
  • Kehr’s sign

- referred pain is felt at the left shoulder

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50
Q

Where is spleen pain felt and what is it called

A
  • Kehr’s sign
  • referred pain is felt at the left shoulder
  • diaphragmatic irritation
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51
Q

What was the vestige of ligamentum theres hepatis

A

obliterated umbilical vein

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52
Q

In the supine position, fluid draining from the omental bursa flows into this recess

A

hepatorenal recess

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53
Q

is a typical dissection point for hilar bile ducts

A

medial segment (medial inferior area)

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54
Q

Liver blood supply

A
  • Portal Vein (70-80%) nutrient rich, oxygen poor
  • Hepatic Arteries oxygen rich
  • blood mixes at the hepatic sinusoids
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55
Q

what drains into the SMV

A

jejuna, ileal, ileocolic, right colic, middle colic, right gastro-omental, and anterior and posterior inferior pancreatico-duodenal veins

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56
Q

Which veins drain directly into he portal vein

A

right and left gastric veins of the stomach
the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
the cystic veins from the gall bladder
the paraumbilical veins

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57
Q

Which veins drain directly into he portal vein

A

right and left gastric veins of the stomach
the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein
the cystic veins from the gall bladder
the paraumbilical veins

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58
Q

Liver lymph drainage

A

Lymph primarily drains to phrenic nodes near and above the diaphragm and to hepatic nodes near the porta hepatis

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59
Q

Common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct connect to make the

A

hepatopancreatic ampula

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60
Q

hepatobiliary triangle structure and importance

A
  • is an anatomic space bordered by the common hepatic duct medially, the cystic duct inferiorly and the liver superiorly
  • cystic artery passes through the triangle
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61
Q

if infection arises in greater sac it will

A

stay localized

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62
Q

What part of the duodenum does pancreatic cancer spread to firste

A

superior

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63
Q

Prominent folds of inner wall encircling the lumen and where they are and aren’t found

A
  • Plicae circulares

- mainly in jejunum and less in ileum

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64
Q

valve between cecum and ileum

A

ileocecal valve

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65
Q

Appendicitis symptoms

A

LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT PAIN, fever, n & v, appetite loss

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66
Q

fat globulars on large intestines

A

omental appendices

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67
Q

band running with large intestine

A

Taeniae coli

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68
Q

sections of large intestines

A

Haustra

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69
Q

Ascending colon blood supply

A

SMA -> ileocolic -> colic
SMA -> ileocolic -> anterior cecal
SMA -> ileocolic -> posterior cecal
SMA -> right colic

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70
Q

Transverse colon arterial supply

A

SMA -> right colic
SMA -> middle colic
IMA -> left colic

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71
Q

Descending colon arterial supply

A

IMA -> left colic

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72
Q

Sigmoid colon arterial supply

A

IMA -> sigmoidal aa.

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73
Q

Ischemic bowel disease most common area

A
  • loss of blood supply to specific segment of intestine
  • decrease bowl sounds
  • Most likely to get ischemic inner section of transverse and descending colon
  • marginal artery
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74
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

A
  • Combats parasites and ingested pathogenic microbes – that’s good!
  • Facilitates spread of metastatic tumors – that’s bad!
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75
Q

Jejunum/ileum lymph drainage

A

Sup mesenteric lymph nodes

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76
Q

Ascending colon lymph drainage

A

mesecolic lymph nodes

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77
Q

Descending colon lymph drainage

A

mesecolic lymph nodes -> inf mesenteric lymph nodes

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78
Q

Para and sympathetic innervation of intestines

A
  • para: Vagus and spinal nn

- sym: myenteric plexuses

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79
Q

Enteric nervous system is made up of

A

myenteric and submucosal plexuses

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80
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • small masses of lymph tissue

- mainly found in appendix and small intestines

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81
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • small masses of lymph tissue

- mainly found in appendix and small intestines

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82
Q

sphincter that cuts of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

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83
Q

Kidney orientation

A

left kidney higher than right

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84
Q

Three places ureter are constricted

A
  • At the ureteropelvic junction (between ureters and renal pelves)
  • Crossing the external iliac artery and/or pelvic brim
  • As the ureter traverses the bladder wall
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85
Q

Pancreatic cancer of the head of the pancreas can obstruct

A

the bile duct

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86
Q

Suprarenal cortex is derives from

A
  • mesoderm

- outside of adrenal gland

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87
Q

renal arteries five segmental arteries

A 
Four anterior segmental branches: 
-Apical segmental artery
-Anterosuperior segmental artery
-Anteroinferior segmental artery
-Inferior segmental artery
One posterior segmental artery:
-Posterior segmental artery
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88
Q

Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome

A

The SMA anteriorly and the abdominal aorta posteriorly

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89
Q

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Medial – Psoas major and minor (Anterior rami of L1,L2,L3)
Lateral – Quadratus lumborum (Ventral rami of T12, L1-L4)
Inferior – Iliacus (femoral nerve)
Superior - Diaphragm

90
Q

chief walker muscle

A

iliacus

91
Q

ligament connecting the pelvis to spinal column

A

Iliolumbar Ligament

92
Q

Ligaments of the diaphragm

A

Median arcuate ligament
Medial arcuate ligament - psoas major
Lateral arcuate ligament - quadratus lumborum

93
Q

Diaphragmatic apertures

A 
T8: caval foramen
	IVC
	terminal br of R phrenic n.
	lymphatics
T10: esophageal hiatus
	esophagus
	ant. and post. vagal trunks
	lymphatics
	esophageal br. of L gastric a.
T12: aortic hiatus 
	descending aorta
	thoracic duct
	\+/- azygos v.
94
Q

Abdominal Aorta branches

A 
Unpaired – 3 branches
  Celiac trunk (T12)
  Superior mesenteric a. (L1)
  Inferior mesenteric a. (L3)
Paired – 3 branches
  Renal a. (btw. L1 and L2)  hilum
  Middle Suprarenal a. (L1)
  Gonadal (Testicular or Ovarian) (L2)
Posterior or parietal Branches: 
  Inferior phrenic a.
  Lumbar a. (four pairs)
  Median sacral a. – passes over ant. surface of lower     Lumbar V and then anterior surface of sacrum/coccyx
95
Q

Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall

A 
Subcostal
1st lumbar nerve: 
  Iliohypogastric
  Ilioinguinal
  Genitofemoral – L1-L2 (runs over psoas major)
Lat. Femoral Cutaneous – L2-3
Femoral – L2-4
Accessory Obturator
Obturator – L2-4
Lumbosacral trunk
96
Q

Femoral cutaneous innervation

A

front of thigh

97
Q

Ilii-Inguinal cutaneous innervation

A

ballsack area

98
Q

obturator nerve cutaneous innervation

A

inner thigh

99
Q

Genitofemoral nerve branches innervate and cutaneous innervation

A

-Genital branch:
Male: cremasteric muscle and skin in the sup. ant. part of the scrotum (male)
Female: (with the round ligament)  mons pubis and labia majora
-Femoral branch – supplies the skin of the sup. ant. thigh
-front top thigh

100
Q

three bones of the pelvis

A

ileum
isheum
pubis

101
Q

Primary structure involved in transferring weight of upper body to ilia then to femurs (when standing) or ischial tuberosities (when sitting)

A

Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments

102
Q

Female vs male pelvic girdle

A 
General structure: thin and light
Greater pelvis: shallow
Lesser pelvis: wide and shallow
Pelvic inlet: oval or rounded
Pelvic outlet: comparatively large
Pubic arch and subpubic angle: wide (>80o)
Obturator foramen: oval
Acetabulum: small
General structure: thick and heavy
Greater pelvis: deep
Lesser pelvis: narrow and deep
Pelvic inlet: heart shaped
Pelvic outlet: comparatively small
Pubic arch and subpubic angle: narrow (<70o)
Obturator foramen: round
Acetabulum: large
103
Q

Greater sciatic notch in males and females

A

more narrow in males

104
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the lesser pelvis length of child birth (True (obstetric) conjugate)

A

Should be 11 cm or greater

105
Q

Interspinous distance for child birth

A

Should be about 10 cm

106
Q

Posterior abdominal lymph nodes all drain to

A

cisterna chyli

107
Q

Which cell is most important for nerve regeneration?

A

Schwann cells

108
Q

Most brain tumors are derived from

A

-fibrous astrocytes
-astrocytomas
These are distinguished pathologically by their expression of GFAP

109
Q

Parts of the neuron

A
  • cell body: Serves as the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron
  • dendrite: Specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses
  • axon: Specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells (e.g., nerve, muscle, and gland cells) can also receive information from other neurons
110
Q

ligament from anus to coccyx

A

Anococcygeal ligament

111
Q

what nerve and vessels pass through the Ischioanal fossae

A

inferior rectal nerve and vessels

112
Q

blood supply to rectum

A

Inferior rectal a. anastomoses with middle and superior rectal aa

113
Q

nerve to the anus muscles

A

Inferior rectal nerve

114
Q

main arterial supply and innervation to urogenital area

A

Internal pudendal artery

Internal pudendal nerve

115
Q

crura of penis run into

A

corpus cavernosum

116
Q

what part of the penis fills with blood when an erection occurs and what ligament contains this blood?

A
  • corpus cavernosum

- Tunica Albuginea

117
Q

the bulb of the penis runs to form the

A

Corpus Spongiosum

118
Q

defined as the inability to retract the prepuce from the glans penis due to a constriction in the preputial orifice

A

Phimosis

119
Q

ligaments associated with hold the penis erect

A
  • Suspensory Ligament (top)
  • Fundiform Ligament (bottom)

-suspensory lig only in women

120
Q

Superficial Perineal Muscles

A
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
  • superficial transverse perineal
121
Q

Contraction of this muscle aids in expelling urine or semen from drainage from the corpus spongiosum

A

bulbospongiosus

122
Q

contraction of these muscles aids in erection by impeding venous drainage from the corpora cavernosa and by pushing blood from the root to the body of the penis

A
  • ischiocavernosus

- bulboscavernosum

123
Q

are rounded elevations around the margins of the vaginal orifice that represent remnants of the hymen

A

Hymeneal caruncles

124
Q

The glands are stimulated by sexual arousal to secrete mucous in females (glands and openings name)

A
  • Ducts open into the vestibule

- The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)

125
Q

glands that secret mucus for women and add fluid to semen

A
  • The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
    • can get cysts
  • Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands (urethral secretion)

-bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s Gland)

126
Q

the glans of the clitoris and glans of the penis, as well as the distal spongy urethra drain towards the

A

deep inguinal nodes

127
Q

scrotum, skin of the penis, mons pubis, labia majora, part of the labia minora, and the anal canal below the pectinate line) send their lymphatics along with the branches of the external pudendal vessels and thus drain to

A

the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

128
Q

Primary artery of the perineum and external genitalia

A

internal pudendal artery

129
Q

Sensory, sympathetic, and somatic motor of the penis is

A

dorsal nerve of penis from pudendal

130
Q

carry parasympathetic to innervate the helicine arteries allowing engorgement of erectile tissue which causes an erection

A

Cavernous nerves

131
Q

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles innervated by

A

deep branch of perineal nerve

132
Q

Injury to perineal body

A
  • external urethral sphincter, levator ani, and rectal muscle
  • Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles
  • External anal sphincter
  • Bulbospongiosus

-Erectile problems, fecal incontinent

133
Q

Levator ani is made up of

A

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

134
Q

Pelvic diaphragm muscles

A

Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus

135
Q

Fluid can pass to scrotum and swell

through vaginal ring and accumulate where?

A

tunica vaginalis

136
Q

Hydrocele

A

Accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis

137
Q

Varicocele

A

Accumulation of blood within the pampiniform plexus due to dysfunctional testicular veins

138
Q

content of spermatic cord

A
  • pampiniform plexus
  • testicular artery
  • cremasteric artery
  • artery of the ductus deferens
  • lymphatic vessels
  • testicular sympathetic nerves
  • ductus deferens
139
Q

Testicular torsion and ischemia caused by

A

twisting of testicular artery

140
Q

Superficial perineal pouch in males

A

Root of the penis, along with ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
Proximal spongy urethra
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves

141
Q

Superficial perineal pouch in females

A

Clitoris and ischiocavernosus
Vestibular bulbs and bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves

142
Q

Urethral rupture will bleed where, when?

A
  • Bleeding in deep perineal pouch or superficial perineal pouch
  • dividing line perineal membrane
  • Both bleeding = double rupture or tear in perineal membrane
143
Q

vesiclevaginal fistula

A

bladder -> vagina

144
Q

rectovaginal fistula

A

rectum -> vagina

145
Q

urethrovaginal fistula

A

urethra -> vagina

146
Q

vaginoperineal fistula

A

-vagina -> outer skin
-Vaginoperineal fistula only one that
goes through perineal membrane

147
Q

Superficial perineal pouch innervation and arterial supply

A

Deep perineal branches of pudendal vessels and nerves

148
Q

deep perineal pouch innervation and arterial supply

A

branches of internal pudendal artery and vein, branches of perineal nerve

149
Q

Major muscle comprising the walls of the bladder

Embedded with stretch receptors

A

Detrusor muscle

150
Q

Hypogastric nerve does what during micturition

A

detrusor contraction, outlet relaxation

151
Q

Pudendal nerve does what during micturition

A

external sphincter relaxation

152
Q

In males: pelvic parasympathetic nerve controls what during micturition

A

relax the internal sphincter

153
Q

The bladder during pregnancy

A
  • Let’s just say capacity decreases!

- Many women experience temporary urinary incontinence – adult diapers

154
Q

Bladder lymphatic drainage into the

A

internal iliac lymph nodes

155
Q

Ductus deferens are

A

continuation of the duct of the epididymis

156
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

connects ductus deferens to urethra (in the prostate

157
Q

Path of ductus deferens

A
  • Starts at the tail of the epididymis located at the inferior pole of the testes.
  • Ascends posterior to the testis, medial to the epididymis
  • Penetrates the anterior abdominal wall via the inguinal canal
  • Crosses over external iliac vessels and enter the pelvis
  • Travels along the lateral wall of the pelvis (external to the parietal peritoneum, but with no other structures between them)
  • Crosses superior to the ureter to the fundus of the bladder
  • Posterior to the bladder it travels superior and then medially to the seminal vesicle
  • Enlarges to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens
  • Ends when it joins the duct of the seminal gland, together forming the ejaculatory duct
158
Q

Seminal Glands purpose

A

Secrete a thick alkaline fluid containing fructose, an energy source for sperm, and a coagulating

159
Q

prostate lymph drainage

A

internal iliac lymph nodes

160
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands (aka Cowper glands)

A

Mucus like secretions enter the urethra during sexual arousal and comprise less than 1% of the semen

161
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the penis does what

A

para: erection
sympathetic: ejaculation

162
Q

Sympathetic penile stimulation contraction of internal urethral sphincter to

A

prevent retrograde ejaculation

163
Q

Ductus deferens lymph and Ejaculatory duct

A

drains to the external iliac lymph nodes

164
Q

Seminal vesicle lymph

A

Inferior portion drains to internal iliac lymph nodes, superior portion drains to external iliac lymph nodes

165
Q

Prostate lymph

A

drains mostly to internal iliac lymph nodes

166
Q

Four muscles compress the vagina and act like sphincters

A

ubovaginalis
External urethral sphincter
Urethrovaginal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus

167
Q

Endometrium

A

inner mucous coat, actively involved in menstruation, site of blastocyst implantation

168
Q

portion of the broad ligament that suspends the ovaries

A

Mesovarium

169
Q

major part of broad ligament that serves as mesentery for the uterus, inferior to mesovarium and mesosalpinx

A

Mesometrium

170
Q

Uterine cancer can easily pass to the

A
  • Bladder because no membrane separating it and the cervix

- Isthmus and cervix lie in direct contact with bladder with no peritoneal separation

171
Q

Uterine cancer can easily pass to the

A
  • Bladder because no membrane separating it and the cervix

- Isthmus and cervix lie in direct contact with bladder with no peritoneal membrane separation

172
Q

what part of the uterine tube catches the egg from the ovary

A

fimbriae

173
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of uterus

174
Q

What muscle comes though great sciatic foramen

A

piriformis

175
Q

what muscle covers obturator foramen

A

obturator internus

176
Q

Levator ani inneravtion

A

anterior rami of lower sacral nerves, perineal nerve

177
Q

pelvic fascia that suspends the vagina

A

Paracolpium

178
Q

what muscle is most likely to be injured

during childbirth

A

Pubococcygeus

179
Q

Muscle important for maintaining fecal

continents

A

puborectalis

180
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of Rectum

A

Lymphatic drainage of the rectum is via the pararectal lymph nodes, which drain into the inferior mesenteric nodes. Additionally, the lymph from the lower aspect of the rectum drains directly into the internal iliac lymph nodes

181
Q

what lymph nodes can be felt during a Rectal Examination

A

Internal iliac lymph node

182
Q

what lymph nodes can be felt during a Rectal Examination

A

Internal iliac lymph node

183
Q

Calot’s triangle

A
  • laterally cystic duct

- medially common hepatic duct

184
Q

splenorenal ligament contains

A

splenic vessels and tail of pancreas

185
Q

gastrorenal ligament contains

A

short gastric vessels and left gastroomental vessels

186
Q

if the appendix ruptures what will it affect

A
  • structures in the greater sac

- lesser sac is the omental bursa

187
Q

adult polycystic disease

A
  • multiple kinden cysts that can cause renal failure

- autosomal dominant trait

188
Q

shorter urethra correlates with more

A

UTIs

189
Q

paraplegic micturition

A

-spinal cord injury between sacral spinal cord and brain stem or sacral cord/root damage
-inability to initiate micturition
-no bladder sensation
-

190
Q

Prostate and semen

A

Fluids from the prostate make up about 15-20% of the volume of semen (combination of sperm from testes and fluids from the ejaculatory duct, seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands). Plays a role in activating the sperm.

191
Q

Prostate and semen

A

Fluids from the prostate make up about 15-20% of the volume of semen (combination of sperm from testes and fluids from the ejaculatory duct, seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands). Plays a role in activating the sperm.

192
Q

ductus deferens lymph drainage

A

external iliac

193
Q

seminal vesicle lymph drainage

A

inferior portion: internal iliac

superior portion: external iliac

194
Q

ejaculatory duct lymph drainage

A

external illiac

195
Q

prostate lymph drainage

A

mostly internal iliac but can also drain into sacral lymph nodes

196
Q

lymph drainage of uterus

A
  • uterine fundus and superior uterine body drain along ovarian vessels to lumbar lymph nodes,
  • uterine body drain within the broad ligament to the external iliac lymph nodes
197
Q

cervix lymph drainage

A

-cervix pass along uterine vessels to internal iliac lymph nodes or sacral lymph nodes

198
Q

women pelvic lymph drainage all have to pass through

A

lumbar lymph nodes

199
Q

Uterine tubes and ovaries lymph drainage

A

fundus of the uterus to the lumbar lymph nodes

200
Q

Nerve that can be compressed during childbirth

A

sciatic nerve

201
Q

When obturator nerve is damaged (sensory and motor )

A

sensory: medial thigh
motor: adductor muscles

202
Q

Take out uterus ligate uterine artery what structure must be careful to not severe

A

ureter

203
Q

during micturition what nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter

A

puedendal nerve

-possibly perineal branch

204
Q

location of internal iliac vessels

A

common iliac -> external iliac (lateral), internal iliac (medial)

205
Q

How does rigor mortis happen

A

In the absence of ATP, the actin-myosin crossbridges become stable, which accounts for the rigidity of skeletal muscles (rigor mortis) that occurs as mitochondrial activity stops after death

206
Q

role of intercalated disc

A

-Intercalated discs support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue.
-Zonula adherens (A):
Anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres
-Macula adherens (B):
Bind cells together to prevent separation during contraction
-Gap junctions (C):
Provide ionic continuity for spread of action potentials between cells

207
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A
  • Antibody binding to the antigenic sites interferes with acetylcholine activation of their receptors, leading to intermittent periods of skeletal muscle weakness
  • As the body attempts to correct the condition, junctional folds of sarcolemma with affected receptors are internalized, digested by lysosomes, and replaced by newly formed receptors
  • These receptors, however, are again made unresponsive to acetylcholine by similar antibodies, and the disease follows a progressive course
  • The extraocular muscles of the eyes are commonly the first affected
208
Q

Skeletal muscle regeneration

A

-consists of mature fibers incapable of mitosis:
Satellite cells within basal lamina of muscle cells:
Mononucleate, inactive myoblasts capable of mitosis

209
Q

Cardiac muscle regeneration

A
  • has virtually no regenerative capacity:

- Damaged muscle is replaced by connective tissue proliferation, leaving myocardial scars

210
Q

Smooth muscle regeneration

A

-has a population of undifferentiated mononucleate smooth muscle precursors:
-Pericytes of blood vessels
-Pregnant myometrium:
Uterus enlarges to accommodate the growing fetus

211
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

esophagus
ant. and post. vagal trunks
lymphatics
esophageal br. of L gastric a.

212
Q

aortic hiatus contents

A

descending aorta
thoracic duct
+/- azygos v.

213
Q

caval foramen

A

IVC
terminal br of R phrenic n.
lymphatics

214
Q

secondary retroperitoneum

A

duodenum
ascending
ascending colon

215
Q

artery that supplies blood to the major erectile body? (penis or clitoris)

A

Deep artery of the penis

216
Q

perineum and external genitalia lymph drain to (such as the scrotum, skin of the penis, mons pubis, labia majora, part of the labia minora, and the anal canal below the pectinate line)

A

superficial inguinal lymph

217
Q

ovaries and testicles lymph drain to the

A

lumbar lymph nodes

218
Q

Anal canal lymph drainage? (above visceral and below parietal)

A

visceral: internal iliac lymph
parietal: superficial inguinal

219
Q

nerve that carries parasympathetic to innervate the helicine arteries allowing engorgement of erectile tissue which causes an erection

A

cavernous nerve

220
Q

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles (innervated by deep branch of perineal nerve) increase pressure of erectile tissue to aid in erection and compress deep dorsal vein to increase turgidity of penis.

A

(innervated by deep branch of perineal nerve)

Anatomy (7 decks)

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