BDS1 Flashcards
aldosterone
hormone produced by adrenal glands
acts to increase resorption of sodium and water and increase secretion of hydrogen and potassium
part of the RAAS control of BP
briefly decribe the RAAS system
angiotensin released from liver
kidneys release renin in response to low fluid volume
renin converts to angiotensin 1
ACE converts to angiotensin 2
angiotensin 2 stimulates release of aldosterone
aldosterone acts on kidneys to retain water and increase BP
how do ACE inhibitors work
inhibit ACE enzyme which is part of RAAS system
inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal glands
CD8 + T cells
cytotoxic cells
destroy our own cells that have been infected
intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade
occurs when trauma to blood cells
involves factors XII, XI, IX and VIII
IX and VIII are co factors which can activate factor X
extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade
occurs when trauma to tissues
involves factor III and XII
factor XII can activate factor X
what does factor Xa do
activates prothromin
discuss the common pathway of the coagulation cascade
factor Xa converts prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin and platelets form a clot
what are the 4 vitamin k dependent factors
2, 7, 9, 10
how does heparin work
increases action of antithrombin
name 5 medical conditions with increased bleeding risk
liver disease
haematological malignancy
advanced HF
platelet disorders
coagulation disorders e.g VWD
chronic renal failure
what does APTT assess
assesses intrinsic pathway
increased APTT time could mean deficiency in factor 8, 9, 11 or 12
what factor is deficient in haemophilia A
factor VIII
what factor is deficient in haemophilia B
factor IX
what factor is deficient in VWD
factor VIII
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
immediate reaction, within minutes
IgE mediated
involves mast cell degranulation and histamine release
anaphylaxis and common allergies e.g hayfever
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
antigen-antibody complex on cell surface
cytotoxic - kills own cells
inflammation and cell dysfunction
pemphigus vulgaris, autoimmune conditions
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
immune complex mediated
antigen - antibody complex in tissues triggering reaction
vasculitis, SLE
type IV hypersensitivity reaction
delayed reaction, up to 72 hours
cell mediated, no antibodies involved,
involves t cells and cytokines
GVHD, contact dermatitis
what are the 2 pathways in the complement system
classical (specific)
alternative (non specific)
very breifly what is the complement system
series of proteins found in blood that are part of the immune response
both classical and alternative pathway recruit other immune cells and create membrane attack complex to neutralise cells
desmosomes
found in epithelial tissues
anchor adjacent cells together whilst also allowing stretch
hemi desmosomes
attach basal epithelial cells to underlying basement membrane
