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HIST 301: African American History > BDC CH.6 > Flashcards

BDC CH.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Garveyism viewed internationally by federal governments?

A
  • found rise of UNIA/Garvey disturbing
  • UK = thought Garveyism might destabilize their hold on Africa/Caribbean
  • US = viewed Garvey as powerful agitator (had magnetism/support to threaten white supremacy)
  • even black leaders had mixed feelings of Garvey
    (FUUE)
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2
Q

What made Garvey so important to black nationalism?

A
  • did not invent it

- but was first/only to make mass movement of it (millions of followers
DB)

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3
Q

What did Marcus Garvey give to blacks that they’d never had before?

A
  • sense they were a proud people
  • belonged to a nation w/ proud past/heroic present
  • insisted blacks were Negroes first + Americans second
    (SB)
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4
Q

What was Marcus Garvey arguing about Africa?

A
  • if all people of African descent joined together they could liberate continent
  • go to war w/ whites to free Africa
  • then create great African empire to embrace all Negroes
    (IGT)
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5
Q

What did Garvey do in preparation for the “liberation of Africa”?

A
  • created gov. in waiting

- endowed it w/ symbols of nationhood
CE

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6
Q

What were the nationhood steps that Garvey endowed in the UNIA

A
  • members saluted their own flag
  • sang a national anthem
  • recited a motto
  • chanted a slogan
  • had their own diplomatic corps/military
  • had own place of worship
    (MSRCHH)
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7
Q

What was common among Caribbean immigrants in the US?

A
  • were most prominent members in black nationalist/radical circles
  • West Indian immigrants more militant than native born Americans
    (WW)
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8
Q

Why were West Indian/Caribbean immigrants more militant than American born Negroes?

A
  • unaccustomed to being a minority
  • had never experienced legalized racial segregation
  • had long history of armed resistance to slavery
    (UHH)
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9
Q

How did Garvey’s West Indian background give him better experiences/insights than American born black leaders?

A
  • grew up in majority black society (combined racial tolerance w/ racial inequality)
  • was friends w/ white children (had no race prejudice growing up)
  • had a much bigger imagination for black achievement
  • exposed to Jamaican caste system (whites + coloreds + blacks)
    (GWHE)
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10
Q

How did the Jamaican caste system soften the antagonism between blacks/whites in their society?

A
  • small size of white pop.
  • legality of racial intermarriage
  • favored position of coloreds (mulattos)
    (SLF)
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11
Q

How did the racial caste system of Jamaica prevent the formation of a strong sense of identity among blacks?

A
  • lacked unity even though they were discriminated against
  • coloreds formed buffer between them/whites
  • coloreds identified w/ whites (blacks saw colored privilege as evidence that color line wasn’t strict)
  • whites manipulated coloreds so both oppressed blacks
    (LCCW)
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12
Q

What were the convictions of Garvey when he left Jamaica?

A
  • Negroes must unite no matter their shade (whites will never see you as equal)
  • black people hampered by own lack of ambition rather than prejudice/discrimination
    (NB)
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13
Q

What did Garvey believe was the way for blacks to achieve greater things?

A
  • emulate whites + match their achievement
  • respect of whites had to be earned
  • advancement of black race was above all a matter of will
  • blacks must be builders not complainers
  • was admirer of Booker T at first
    (ERABW)
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14
Q

What was the UNIA?

A
  • Universal Negro Improvement Association

- founded by Garvey + first wife Amy Ashwood
UF

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15
Q

Why did Garvey end up moving to New York?

A
  • UNIA attracted little attention in Jamaica

- wanted to organize an American branch
UW

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16
Q

What was the initial response to Garvey + the UNIA in New York?

A
  • not well received
  • competing w/ more prominent radicals like A Phillip Randolph
  • failed first two times to open new UNIA branch
  • dismissed by the Harlem public as carpetbagger
    (NCFD)
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17
Q

What did Garvey decide to do in 1918?

A
  • make NY the central base instead of Jamaica for the UNIA
  • founded Negro World Newspaper
  • grew NY branch to 5000 members by 1919 + 30 other branches
    (MFG)
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18
Q

What accounted for Garvey’s sudden rise in popularity after 1918?

A
  • his speaking prowess
  • not apologetic message to whites like other black leaders (Washington + even DuBois)
  • UNIA only pitched to blacks which fostered black chauvinism (unlike interracial NAACP)
  • a vision of “Africa for Africans”
  • his timing
    (HNUAT)
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19
Q

What were the characteristics of Africa during Garvey’s time?

A
  • Africa had been carved up by European powers
  • only Liberia/Ethiopia left under black government
  • Africa depicted as savage/dangerous place in media
  • whites saw Africans as sub-human (destined to be ruled by whites)
    (BAOAW)
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20
Q

What did the UNIA + Garvey say/do to reverse the negative image of Africa?

A
  • blacks had been robbed of African identity
  • depicted Africa as cradle to civilization (Egypt was advanced society back then)
  • were far from barbarous heathens depicted
  • native Africans “most noble people in the world”
    (BDWN)
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21
Q

What did the UNIA + Garvey do to influence the Bible?

A
  • took plans to refute racism in the Scriptures
  • knew most blacks were Christian
  • insisted Biblical passages used by whites to justify Negro slavery
  • maintained the Bible depicted black ancestors in respectful terms
    (TKIM)
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22
Q

What were the characteristics of Garvey’s nationalism?

A
  • very pro black + sometimes anti-white
  • at times sounded like a black racist
  • for the most part avoided ugly parts of nationalism
    (VAF)
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23
Q

How were some of Garvey’s rhetoric anti-white?

A
  • popularized the term “white devils”

- were always threatening war against whites
PW

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24
Q

What was Garvey’s goal?

A
  • world where blacks could attain parity not superiority w/ whites
  • white devil more of a political term not literal truth
  • “black God” was imaginative device not exclusive deity
    (WWB)
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25
Q

How did timing affect Garvey’s quick rise?

A
  • death of Washington removed primary symbol of black leadership
  • neither NAACP + National Urban League could replace Washington
  • NAACP/NUL too narrow focused/had too much white involvement
  • no all Negro org. w/ plan for race beyond equality + citizens rights
  • UNIA appealed to those wanting racial solidarity
    (DNNNU)
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26
Q

What was the state of the US after WWI?

A
  • saw blacks return from France (bitter over treatment in army)
  • widespread labor unrest marked by strikes
  • upsurge in European nationalism (Ireland fighting British rule)
  • stirring of anti-colonialism among colored people in India/Caribbean/Africa
    (SWUS)
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27
Q

What were the conservative trends growing in the US after WWI?

A
  • revival of KKK
  • race riots
  • inc. in lynching
  • determination of white South to maintain Jim Crow
    (RRID)
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28
Q

How did Garvey take advantage of the state of black America after WWI?

A
  • heightened expectations + continuing oppression made black opinion very volatile
  • Garvey leaped into “ocean of black unhappiness”
    (HG)
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29
Q

What has been a wrong interpretation of Garvey’s philosophy?

A
  • wasn’t advocating for all to emigrate back to Africa
  • said at some indeterminate point should return
  • never pretended it was a realistic option for most blacks
  • saw establishment of free/independent Africa as key to improving blacks position in US
    (WSNS)
30
Q

What did Garvey know about the white immigrants in the US?

A

assisted by the rise of Euro nationalism

  • lynching of Italians in New Orleans provoked diplomatic crisis between Italy/US
  • US discrimination against Japanese caused problems w/ Japan
  • rise of Irish in US paralleled growth of Irish nationalism
  • blacks could not exert any external pressure
    (LURB)
31
Q

What was the effect of blacks not having international external pressure to assist them like European immigrants?

A
  • whites lynched them w/ impunity

- Garvey said once “big black African Republic” established blacks would have outside ally
WG

32
Q

Why were blacks so hopeful of Garvey’s philosophy for an independent Africa when the vision seemed very unlikely?

A

nationalism was trending in 1919

  • WWI had destroyed traditional empires
  • new nations were rising from ruins
  • Paris Peace Conference endorsed “self determination”
  • even British colonialism was starting to weaken (independence movements in India/Egypt)
    (WNPE)
33
Q

What movement was the biggest motivator to the UNIA + the biggest threat to British rule?

A

rebellion in Ireland

  • old Home Party rule done
  • 1918 = new nationalist party (Sinn Fein) rose in power
  • captured Irish allegiance thru message of complete independence from Britain
  • teamed up w/ Irish Republican Army to fight against UK
  • Eamon De Valera (Irish president) went on US speaking tour
    (ONCTE)
34
Q

What were black leaders saying leading up to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • DuBois argued free German colonies should be placed under international administration
  • Garvey campaigned for German colonies complete independence
    (DG)
35
Q

How was the Treaty of Versailles a disappointment to black leaders?

A
  • placed former German colonies under Ally control
  • transfer of control of Africa from one white gov. to another
  • broke up Africa w/o seeking the wishes of African people
    (PTB)
36
Q

Why did Garvey think it was a matter of time before another war would break out?

A
  • new era of great power rivalry + economic competition would lead to another war
  • lead to ultimate destruction of Euro colonialism
  • Japan had imperial ambitions + posed clear challenge to white power in Asia
  • Japan has backing of India/Indochina
    (NLJJ)
37
Q

What did Garvey predict about the next war?

A
  • would be battle between Asians vs whites
  • blacks would be big participants
  • no longer fighting in service of white oppressors
  • now fighting for African liberation
    (WBNN)
38
Q

What was the BSL?

A

The Black Star Line Steamship Corporation

  • formed by UNIA in 1919
  • propaganda machine (ships preeminent symbol of national power)
  • would provide black passengers service throughout Caribbean
  • ships thought to eventually reap huge rewards from trade w/ Africa
    (FPWS)
39
Q

What was the UNIA doing by selling stock in BSL?

A
  • offered blacks tangible stake in all black marine merchant
  • many of the poor had invested in liberty bonds during war + accumulated savings
  • now being lured to buy stocks in belief profits were guaranteed
  • FBI began investigating UNIA for grandiose promises of profit
    (OMNF)
40
Q

What were the early stages of BSL like?

A
  • had acquired 3 ships by 1920
  • Garvey toured Caribbean in 1921
  • UNIA hatching plans to buy transatlantic steamer
  • BSL transformed Garvey to prominent black leader on three continents
    (HGUB)
41
Q

What was the connection between Liberia + the UNIA?

A

became focus of UNIA African ambitions

  • was only African country besides Ethiopia that had escaped white colonial rule
  • Liberia accessible by sea + had cultural ties to US (unlike Ethiopia)
  • small English-speaking elite ruled (mostly descendants of former African slaves)
  • natives inhabited interior of country
    (WLSN)
42
Q

What was the proposal the UNIA made to Liberia?

A
  • would invest $2 mil. in their struggling economy
  • $$$ to be raised in US from selling Liberian Construction Bonds
  • UNIA would safeguard Liberian political independence + give Garvey foothold in Africa
    (WMU)
43
Q

Who were the Garveyites/UNIA members?

A
  • most native born Americans
  • almost half of leaders were Caribbean immigrants
  • attracted many blacks from all professions
  • male dominated but appealed to women more than many other black orgs.
  • had women in top leadership unlike NAACP
    (MAAMH)
44
Q

What was Garvey’s position in black America by 1920-21?

A
  • height of power/influence
  • UNIA major political force in postwar time
  • Negro World was growing in popularity
  • media circulating internationally
  • had over 400 UNIA branches (dwarfed NAACP)
    (HUNMH)
45
Q

How was Garvey’s power waning in 1922?

A
  • BSL was failing
  • Liberia expedition failed
  • was facing federal prosecution for mail fraud
  • revolutionary tide of 1919 had receded (destroyed prospects of African liberation)
  • UNIA facing hostility both at home + internationally
  • dealing w/ criticism from other prominent blacks
    (BLGRUG)
46
Q

What was the fate of the BSL?

A

awful disaster

  • ships lost money from the start (one ship couldn’t sail)
  • Garvey business inexperience + administrative incompetence + poor judgements worsened situation
  • BSL collapsed when negotiations for ocean steamer fell through
  • couldn’t pay UNIA staff b/c BSL bled all profits
    (SGBC)
47
Q

What was the federal situation that Garvey was facing?

A
  • Jan. 1922 = Garvey + three others indicted for mail fraud

- was facing possible deportation
JW

48
Q

What was the affect of the BSL’s failure on Garvey?

A
  • weakened his prestige/authority
49
Q

What was characteristic of the 1922 UNIA convention?

A

a lot of latent tensions came out

  • American blacks said West Indian immigrants too clannish + assertive + influential
  • women complained of being sidelined
  • Garvey target of criticism
    (AWG)
50
Q

How were the UNIA ignorant about their aspirations in Liberia?

A
  • UNIA members stunned by difference in political conditions between Liberia/US
  • Liberia much more corrupt + exclusive + xenophobic
  • hated American blacks (tried changing their values)
  • corrupt Liberians had no intention to share power to organization of American blacks
  • excluded UNIA all together after Liberian president gave concessions to Firestone Rubber Company
    (ULHCE)
51
Q

What did Garvey do in response to the BSL + Liberia setbacks?

A

became inc. autocratic

  • tried to bully UNIA critics into silence (removed them completely from org. sometimes)
  • James Eason defected from UNIA (ended up getting shot/killed by Garveyites in New Orleans)
  • would lead to Justice Department investigation into Garvey (colleagues becoming willing to rat)
    (TJW)
52
Q

What was the most controversial phase of Garvey’s career?

A

advocated for blacks to completely separate from whites

  • agreed w/ President Harding’s segregationist statements
  • said blacks should seek accommodation w/ white supremacists
  • insisted Southern Whites were blacks best friends (echoes of Booker T)
    (ASI)
53
Q

Where did Garvey’s advocation for racial separation come from?

A

assessment of how racial groups interacted

  • condemned riots/lynchings by whites
  • but appearance of incidents suggested universal law of races existed
  • man’s sinful nature made “brotherhood” of man impossible to attain
  • said blacks should only look out for themselves
    (CBMS)
54
Q

What was crucial to Garvey’s analysis that racial separation was the best solution for blacks?

A

conviction that conditions for blacks would get worse not better

  • white Supremacy ruled in the South + Great Migration North was turning sour
  • riots/discrimination proved Northern whites no more willing to accept blacks as equals as Southern whites
    (WR)
55
Q

How did Garvey’s argument for blacks to make a virtue out of necessity possess an obvious logic?

A
  • NAACP made little progress in discrimination/segregation
  • socialists like A Phillip Randolph had little voice
  • blacks had very little political influence at all
  • therefore UNIA strategy of separatism was no more ridiculous than NAACP integration pursuit
    (NSBT)
56
Q

What was Garvey hoping to accomplish w/ more segregationist stances?

A
  • accommodation to conservative/racist 20s
  • sought to emulate Washington’s Atlanta Compromise
  • extend UNIA presence in South by reassuring they weren’t trying to threaten Jim Crow
    (ASE)
57
Q

What were some of the bad judgements Garvey made to try to support his segregationist stance ?

A
  • argued lynching aroused blacks’ consciousness
  • said white supremacists were black best friends
  • thanked Southern whites for “lynching racial pride into Negroes”
    (AST)
58
Q

Why did Garvey withdraw his support from the NAACP’s campaign against lynching?

A
  • said even if anti-lynching law passes there’s no way it will be enforced
59
Q

What is considered Garvey’s most egregious action?

A
  • June 1922 = admitted to meeting w/ KKK grand wizard Edward Clarke
  • agreed w/ KKK opposition to miscegenation
  • condemned the civil rights policies of the NAACP
  • said NAACP filled w/ light skins that hated black ancestry
    (JACS)
60
Q

What was DuBois’ thoughts regarding the BSL?

A
  • thought it was a racket to fleece gullible poor black people out of $$$
61
Q

When did most black leaders begin to completely turn on Garvey?

A
  • after he endorsed segregation
62
Q

What did the NAACP + DuBois do in response to Garvey’s endorsement of segregation + agreement w/ KKK?

A
  • started “Garvey Must Go” campaign in the Messenger
  • wanted to drive Garveyism out of the US
  • led by A Phillip Randolph + Chandler Owens
  • launched series of public meeting to denounce Garvey as traitor/race baiter
  • wrote to US Attorney General to get rid of him
    (SWLLW)
63
Q

What made Garvey’s attacks on NAACP leaders + DuBois especially burdensome?

A
  • attacking lighter complexion
  • had been unwritten rule that color difference should be downplayed/ignored
  • recognized how destructive it could be if dark skins + light skins turned on each other
- fact that class structure + skin tone were related made the comments even more volatile
(AHRF)
64
Q

What did skin tone of blacks historically have to do w/ class structure?

A
  • most of middle/upper class was light skinned
  • descendants of antebellum class of “free Negroes” prior to Civil War
  • had enjoyed special privileges as children of slave masters
  • were the first blacks before Civil War to be educated
  • were disproportionate # of black politicians following Civil War
  • most black leaders at the time were light skinned
    (MDHWWM)
65
Q

What was the result of Garvey using skin tone to further his cause?

A

did more harm than good

  • mulattoes in US didn’t enjoy special privileges like Jamaica (one drop rule labeled them black)
  • racism forced mulattoes to identify w/ dark skinned blacks
  • black/mulatto marriage was inc. common in the 20s
  • only small # of blacks had no white ancestry
    (MRBO)
66
Q

What harsh comments did Garvey critics have for him?-

A
  • characterized Garvey followers as primitive
  • referred to Garvey as foreigner
  • said West Indians running UNIA
  • charged Garvey w/ fostering antagonism between West Indians + Americans
  • colluded w/ federal gov. to convict Garvey on false charges to get him deported
  • aided/abetted w/ the FBI
    (ARSCCA)
67
Q

What happened to Garvey in 1923?

A
  • convicted of mail fraud
  • went to penitentiary in Atlanta in 1925 (5 yr sentence)
  • President Coolidge commutes rest of term after 2 yrs
  • sends him back to Jamaica (never returns to US)
    (CWPS)
68
Q

What happened to the UNIA once Garvey was deported back to Jamaica?

A

disintegrated into factions

  • black nationalism diminished significantly entering 30s
  • was finished as a mass movement
  • Garvey died in London in 1940
    (BWG)
69
Q

Why on the surface does it appear that Garvey/the UNIA posed little threat to the America social order?

A
  • Garvey condemned communism + unions/praised capitalism
  • racial purity argument disarmed white supremacist fears
  • by the time of his deportation UNIA was past their prime
    (GRB)
70
Q

What made the UNIA/Garvey appear so dangerous to the social order?

A

b/c of what they could inspire

  • British concerned about Negro World becoming popular in Africa
  • US Attorney General said deportation necessary to prevent negro uprising
    (BU)
71
Q

What effect did black opponents of Garvey have on racial progress once Garvey was defeated?

A
  • destroyed an all black org. in the UNIA that fostered racial pride + gave many blacks leadership opportunities
  • destroyed the Garveyism mass movement but didn’t replace it w/ anything
  • NAACP accomplished minimal after its demise
  • NAACP did little to recruit former Garveyites
  • mass movement wouldn’t revive until 50s/60s
    (DDNNM)

HIST 301: African American History (14 decks)

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