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HIST 301: African American History > BDC CH. 14 > Flashcards

BDC CH. 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened August 11, 1965?

A

fight between officer Lee Minikus + black man Marquette Frye (routine traffic stop turned ugly)

  • crowd of blacks + more officers began to form as Frye drew attention
  • led to an all out riot (six consecutive days of violence)
  • labeled the Watts Riot (for black section of Los Angeles it erupted in)
  • was bloodiest race riot since Detroit 1943
    (CLLW)
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2
Q

What did the McCone Commission try to do to help w/ the aftermath of the Watts Riot?

A

tried to downplay significance of incidence calling it “senseless”

  • criminal vandalism not purposeful protest
  • commission made light of racial discrimination
  • exonerated the LAPD + criticized civil rights movement for weakening black order/civility
  • blamed violence on unrepresentative minority of unemployed Southern migrants
    (CCEB)
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3
Q

How was the report by the McCone Commission badly misstating the significance of the Watts Riot?

A
  • people involved in riot said to be 8x what was reported
  • critics disputed contention that riot was purposeless
  • most blacks defined it as protest to draw attention to grievances
  • Bayard Rustin said rioters acted w/ degree of deliberation + rationality
  • rioters attacked property not people + focused attack on white businesses they regarded as exploitative
    (PCMBR)
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4
Q

What is thought to be the most striking aspect of the Watts Riot?

A

lack of remorse felt by the black pop.

  • most blacks in LA did not see riot as a tragic mistake
  • even those who disapproved felt sympathy for rioters
  • people placed most blame on police + believed riot drew attention to black grievances
  • many felt positive pride in seizing control of the streets
    (MEPM)
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5
Q

How did the lack of remorse shown by black people in Los Angeles bode ill for the civil rights movement?

A
  • ever since 1964 riots King had been weighing taking the SCLC north
  • wanted to apply methods of nonviolence to the black ghettos
  • moving North meant the SCLC would have to deal w/ skepticism/hostility
  • many blacks in North not open to nonviolent action
  • most rioters rhetoric in North suggested visceral hate for white people not wanting cooperation
    (EWMMM)
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6
Q

What did the Watts Riot do?

A
  • brought out into the open widespread hostility towards whites brewing in Northern ghettos
  • resentment towards whites even more intense than the South
    (BR)
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7
Q

How did the gains made during the Civil Rights Movement give false realities about the state of blacks in the North?

A

civil rights reforms had been designed w/ the South in mind

  • LBJ “Great Society” legislation raised black expectation but offered no way out of the ghetto
  • situation for many Northern blacks hadn’t improved at all (sometimes even deteriorating)
    (CLS)
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8
Q

What was the latest migration of blacks to the North caused by?

A

started during WWII w/ inc. industrial production created new opportunities for blacks to enter blue collar work

  • industry jobs that had previously been held by European immigrants mostly
  • provided stable employment + decent livelihoods
    (IP)
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9
Q

How was the blue collar work experience in the North different for blacks during WWII than when European immigrants had arrived earlier in the 20th century?

A
  • black migrants entering blue collar work just when technological advancements eliminating many jobs
  • industry employment shifted from cities to suburbs
  • employers had stricter skills tests many immigrants didn’t have to go through
  • poorly educated black migrants put at disadvantage
    (BIEP)
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10
Q

What happened to most blacks following the economic gains of WWII?

A
  • black unemployment reached 10% by 1954
  • stayed at twice the level of whites throughout 1960s
  • young black men inc. dropping out of legal employment by the 60s (criminal activity + gangs more common)
    (BSY)
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11
Q

What was the main cause of racial unemployment in the North despite fair employment laws?

A

the unions

  • virtually impossible for blacks to obtain union card in construction industry
  • unions limited size of membership
  • unions accepted “apprentices” on a friends/relatives basis (created white monopoly)
  • apprenticeships could last five years discouraging black workers even more
  • even unions w/ large black memberships were concentrated in lower paid unskilled jobs
    (VUUAE)
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12
Q

What was the most visible + strongest form of racial discrimination in the North?

A

housing

  • persisted even after invalidation of restrictive covenants by Supreme Court in 1948
  • supported by majority of white homeowners (viewed proximity to blacks as a threat)
  • blacks prevented from buying property close to white residential areas
  • whites panic sold when neighborhoods becoming “too black” (forming more ghettos)
    (PSBW)
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13
Q

How did white politicians quietly reinforce segregation in the North?

A
  • ensured public housing projects either all black/all white
  • sporadic attempts to integrate public housing evoked white resistance
  • used urban redevelopment to create physical barriers between white/black areas (routing of expressway)
    (ESU)
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14
Q

How was segregation becoming even more entrenched in the North during the 50s/60s?

A

more whites moving to new suburbs

  • white only suburbs built w/ support of Federal Housing Authority
  • gov. did little to oppose housing segregation even after JFK banned it in 1964 Civil Rights Act
  • caused races to live apart + ghettos to grow
  • residential segregation more rigid in the North than the South
    (WGCR)
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15
Q

How did segregated housing in the North affect public education?

A

produced de facto segregated schools

  • school boards further encouraged segregation by gerrymandering school attendance zones
  • white students permitted to transfer out of predominately black schools
    (SW)
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16
Q

How did whites in the North express their opposition to integration during the 60s?

A
  • 1964 = Cali voters pass Prop 14 (repealed recently passed fair housing law)
  • voters in other states rejected anti-discrimination laws
  • black families in white neighborhoods often met w/ harassment + violence
    (NVB)
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17
Q

Where did the SCLC begin to focus its attack in 1966?

A

housing segregation in the North (first Chicago)

  • organized marches in all white neighborhoods
  • very effective (exposed violent white opposition + depth of Chicago racial division)
  • exerted intense political pressure on Mayor Daley
    (OVE)
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18
Q

What was Mayor Daley’s response to the SCLC housing segregation campaign?

A

forced to negotiating table

  • accepted Summit Agreement that made Chicago would promote housing integration
  • quietly shelved the agreement once the drama began to dec.
  • King very disappointed
    (AQK)
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19
Q

What were the deeper causes of the SCLC’s failure to secure housing integration in Chicago?

A
  • SCLC lacked resources to reach massive black pop. (accustomed to mobilizing small South communities)
  • used to dealing w/ one dimensional villains not subtle racist politicians like Daley
  • Chicago black politicians supported Daley + opposed the SCLC
    (SUC)
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20
Q

Why were many black politicians in Chicago in favor of Mayor Daley + opposed to the SCLC?

A
  • enjoyed a certain legitimacy

- were part of the Democratic Machine (possessed patronage + favors to dispense/withhold
EW)

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21
Q

What did the SCLC find a hard time adjusting to in the North?

A

hard-edged/more secular culture

  • black church lacked prestige/influence like the South
  • many blacks in North were cynical towards SCLC idealism
  • could not control the violence spread by gangs in the ghetto
  • people refused to listen to King
    (BMCP)
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22
Q

What was a more profound reason for the SCLC’s failure in the North?

A

did not gain white sympathy like in the South

  • Northern liberals who’d supported King in Selma now turned against him
  • sympathy for civil rights movement evaporated once it crossed the Mason-Dixon line
    (NS)
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23
Q

What did Northern politicians attribute to the lack of white sympathy?

A

degree of black lawlessness + violence made them bitter

  • many felt that the demonstrations were hurting black cause
  • growing feeling that LBJ pushing integration too fast
    (MG)
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24
Q

What did Bayard Rustin suggest about how the Civil Rights Movement had to change to adapt to the North?

A

shift from protest to politics

  • invest energy in building support for progressive agenda in Democratic Party
  • but race was splitting apart the New Deal coalition
    (IB)
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25
Q

What was the position of many Northern politicians following WWII about race relations?

A

avoided the issue

  • knew it could cost them in future elections
  • denied that racial problems were as bad as the South
  • 1963 = Mayor Daley denies existence of ghettos (said ethnic groups just happened to prefer living together)
  • as long as blacks in North remained politically inactive racial divisions could be ignored
    (KDNA)
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26
Q

What was the event that sparked a noticeable inc. in white backlash in the 60s?

A

Birmingham boycott

  • sparked off demonstrations in North as well
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27
Q

What regularity brought Northern racism into focus?

A

police brutality

  • 3/4 of all officers harbored extreme prejudice towards blacks
  • many officers belonged to white extremist groups
  • most treated blacks w/ contempt + failed to distinguish between criminals/law abiding citizens
  • resorted to violence w/o provocation
  • blacks killed by police w/o no penalty
    (TMMRB)
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28
Q

How did the race riots in the 60s affect the police?

A

made them even more aggressive

  • abandoned all restraint treating them as race wars
  • defied attempts by liberal politicians to control them as they had too much support from white community
    (AD)
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29
Q

What did the civil rights movement failure in Chicago confirm for blacks in the North?

A

white racism too entrenched/violent for nonviolent action to work

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30
Q

What did King take away from the failure in Chicago?

A

had a revelation

  • showed how badly the movement had underestimated depth of racism
  • learned substantial minority of blacks advocated for violence
    (SL)
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31
Q

What was King’s main problem w/ trying to gain support from Northern blacks?

A
  • had good amount of support in the North

- violent minority in black community could render his leadership ineffective
HV

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32
Q

What had Malcolm X accomplished by his death?

A
  • leading black critic of nonviolence
  • foremost black advocate of armed black self defense
  • black man who most effectively articulated anti-white anger
    (LFB)
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33
Q

What was the Nation of Islam (NOI)?

A
  • founded in 1930
  • led since 1934 by Elijah Muhammad
  • sought to combat destructive influences of the ghetto by inculcating racial pride values + self respect
  • specialized in recruiting criminals + turning them into models of piety
  • Malcolm X converted while in prison for burglary
  • urged blacks to practice self help + build a separate economy
    (FLSSMU)
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34
Q

What did the Nation of Islam believe prior to Malcolm X?

A
  • believed blacks should separate from American society to form own nation
  • abstained from politics + refused to have anything to do w/ civil rights movement
    (BA)
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35
Q

Who was Malcolm X?

A
  • born Malcolm Little in Nebraska
  • highly contrasting childhood to King (scarred in instability + poverty not church life)
  • drifted into life of drugs/crime by teenage years
    (BHD)
36
Q

How did King + X differ in their thought process despite being raised in segregated communities?

A
  • King’s background gave him confidence to seek racial integration
  • King accepted strain of white blood in his ancestry + didn’t have much self hatred
  • Malcolm didn’t have cultural anchor to provide him racial identity (black pop. in town too small)
  • Malcolm close contact w/ whites exacerbated feelings of cultural confusion
  • Malcolm denounced whites as evil as an adult (sought to build secure black community he never had)
    (KKMMM)
37
Q

How did prison prove to be X’s salvation?

A
  • became an avid reader (began to seriously study in the prison library)
  • learned the practice of self-discipline +restraint of emotions/refusal to be goaded
  • converted to the Nation of Islam in 1948-49
  • allowed him to review his past family issues to see most of them were caused by racist actions of whites
    (BLCA)
38
Q

What did X do after his release from prison in 1952?

A

became most successful minister in NOI

  • organized temples + raised funds + recruited new members
  • was principle spokesman of Elijah Muhammad documentary “The Hate That Hate Produced”
  • brought X to a wider (white) audience for the first time (received a lot of backlash for rhetoric)
  • started to speak across different universities + guest star on radio shows
    (OWBS)
39
Q

What did X represent?

A
  • authentic spokesman for poor black masses
  • fearless truth teller
  • exposed timidity of other civil rights leaders like King
    (AFE)
40
Q

How did blacks think of X’s anti-white rhetoric?

A

not offended

  • openly expressed bitterness that every black person shared
  • blacks could accept X for his message w/o condoning support for Islam
41
Q

What was the first aspect of Malcolm X’s message that made him so influential?

A

strong emphasis on racial pride

  • represented striking contrast to civil rights movement
  • insisted blacks should purge themselves from false consciousness that had distorted personalities
  • condemned color consciousness in the community (praised beauty of all black people)
- struck a chord particularly w/ lower class darker black who resented middle class lightskins
(RICS)
42
Q

What did X represent?

A
  • authentic spokesman for poor black masses
  • fearless truth teller
  • exposed timidity of other civil rights leaders like King
    (AFE)
43
Q

How did blacks think of X’s anti-white rhetoric?

A

not offended

  • openly expressed bitterness that every black person shared
  • blacks could accept X for his message w/o condoning support for Islam
44
Q

What was the second aspect of Malcolm X’s message that made him so influential?

A

stressed the African dimension of black American identity (like Garvey)

  • rise of black Africa from colonial rule part of wider revolt against racism
  • showed dominance of white world would be shattered
    (RS)
45
Q

What was the third aspect of Malcolm X’s message that made him so influential?

A

outspoken advocacy of violence

  • condemned non-violence as cowardly + ineffective
  • insisted blacks had right/duty to defend themselves
  • many blacks in South already practiced self defense by this time
  • NAACP even endorsed it
    (CIMN)
46
Q

How did X begin to contend w/ Muhammad as the civil rights movement began to challenge Jim Crow?

A

became dissatisfied w/ apolitical stance of NOI + Muhammad

  • Muhammad’s only proposed solution to race problem was resettlement of black pop. to separate state
  • very unclear how Muhammad would craft such a state
  • Muhammad’s secret dealings w/ white supremacist inc. X’s unease
  • X believed NOI should be more politically involved
    (MVMX)
47
Q

What was the fourth aspect of Malcolm’s X’s message that made him so influential?

A

appeal to black manhood

  • black men had historically found it difficult to secure position as head of the family
  • slavery + migration + discrimination had all contributed to family instability in black community
  • mother typically the main breadwinner
  • NOI practiced division of sexes that represented exaggerated version of traditional family
    (BSMN)
48
Q

How did X begin to contend w/ Muhammad as the civil rights movement began to challenge Jim Crow?

A

became dissatisfied w/ apolitical stance of NOI + Muhammad

  • Muhammad’s only proposed solution to race problem was resettlement of black pop. to separate state

-

49
Q

Why was Elijah Muhammad creating secret pacts w/ the KKK?

A
  • attacked King’s message
  • labeled other black leaders “Uncle Toms”
  • trying to reach an accord w/ people bombing black homes + killing black children
    (ALT)
50
Q

How was the relationship between Muhammad + X by 1963?

A
  • Muhammad felt X’s popularity/ambition threatened his control over NOI
  • X lost all respect for Muhammad when he discovered all of his extramarital affairs
  • final break came that winter = Muhammad tried to suspend X following comments made after JFK death
  • caused X to quit the NOI in 1964
    (MXFC)
51
Q

What did X do once leaving the NOI?

A

founded the Muslim Mosque Inc. + Organization of African American Unity

  • shredded far fetched dogmas of the NOI
  • renounced the idea that whites were devils
  • embraced orthodox Islam
  • modified his views on violence (made it clear in self defense only + violent uprising is suicide)
  • Muhammad intent on silencing him (suspected to have ordered X’s assassination)
    (SREMM)
52
Q

What is X said to have started?

A

“Black Power”

  • repudiated the qualities of the civil rights movement (inter-racialism + nonviolent direct action)
  • invoked most destructive/unrealistic aspect of pre 1964 Malcolm X
  • pre 1964 X = bitter critique of nonviolence + call for black separatism + denunciation of white people
  • adopted X’s rhetoric towards violence the most (suggested threat of violence realistic strategy)
    (RIPA)
53
Q

What caused the SNCC to embrace black nationalism?

A

experiences in MS

  • by 1966 prolonged staff encounters w/ racism in MS left many tired
  • burnout merged w/ bitter disillusionment
  • failure of the MFDP challenge in 1964 represented the final straw
    (BBF)
54
Q

What else caused the SNCC to embrace black nationalism besides treatment in MS?

A

had become wracked by internal tensions

  • serious division between blacks/whites
  • white Freedom Summer volunteers resented by black members for middle class background/media attention
  • relationships in the workspace complicated matters
  • many blacks felt SNCC had lost racial identity w/ how many white members they got from Freedom Summer
    (SWRM)
55
Q

How did the SNCC change following the 1966 elections?

A
  • no longer had any interests in seeking common ground w/ white liberals + no interracial coalitions
  • only when blacks can negotiate from position of strength should they enter coalitions w/ whites
  • rejected integration (dismissed it as middle class concern w/ no relevance to black majority)
  • SNCC soon voted to expel all white members + abandoned its commitment to nonviolence
    (NORS)
56
Q

What happened in the 1966 SNCC elections?

A

Stokely Carmichael replaces John Lewis as head of SNCC

  • did not mean complete shift in support to Atlanta Project (even Carmichael thought it was extreme)
  • did signal a repudiation of the founding principles of the SNCC
    (DD)
57
Q

How did the SNCC change following the 1966 elections?

A
  • no longer had any interests in seeking common ground w/ white liberals + no interracial coalitions
  • only when blacks can negotiate from position of strength should they enter coalitions w/ whites
  • rejected integration (dismissed it as middle class concern w/ no relevance to black majority)
  • SNCC soon voted to expel all white members + abandoned its commitment to nonviolence
    (NORS)
58
Q

What was the Meredith March of 1966?

A

protest march through MS led by John Meredith

  • gave SNCC a means of publicizing its new stance
  • SNCC bowed to King’s request that whites be allowed in the march
  • only agreed b/c only King could guarantee the media interest that the SNCC planned to exploit
  • King threatened to quit if not allowed
    (GSOK)
59
Q

What did King accept from the SNCC in allowing whites to participate in the Meredith March?

A

agreed to the Deacons of Defense

  • group of armed men from Bogalusa, LA
60
Q

What happened when the Meredith March got to Greenville?

A

SNCC publicly/directly challenged King’s leadership

  • Carmichael gets arrested by inciting crowd
  • King pleads w/ Carmichael to abandon black power slogan but he refuses
    (CK)
61
Q

Why did the community embrace Black Power so quickly?

A

the term black struck against the derogatory labels african americans had been given for years

  • embrace of racial identity
  • call to action that overcame deeply rooted feeling of insecurity + inferiority
  • blackness something to celebrate not be ashamed of
    (ECB)
62
Q

How did the Black Power movement branch off the progress made by the civil rights movement?

A
  • having achieved equality blacks needed to unite to organize effectively
  • needed to maximize political/economic power
  • focused on group solidarity + strengthening of black businesses
    (HNF)
63
Q

What did the civil rights movement neglect by putting so much emphasis on integration?

A

segregated black institutions in North/South

  • gave no thought to future of black businesses/churches + neighborhoods
  • groups like CORE had already implemented local community organizing projects for improvements
  • group recognized the reality of black ghetto + trying to improve poor living conditions of blacks
    (GGG)
64
Q

How did the Black Power movement branch off the progress made by the civil rights movement?

A

-

65
Q

How was the vagueness around Black Power a strength of the movement?

A

made it very elastic when it came to defining it to different audiences

  • conservatives labeled it as black capitalism
  • moderates defined it as electoral politics
  • nationalists defined it as the creation of a separate black culture
    (CMN)
66
Q

What added to the fragmentation of the Civil Rights Movement in 1965?

A

LBJ escalation of war effort in Vietnam

  • SNCC bitterly opposed to the war + took strong position against it in 1966
  • King also appalled by the war but kept his views to himself for a long time
  • King would finally condemn war in 1967 (angered LBJ no longer welcome to the White House)
  • many blacks did not support King’s stand on Vietnam + condemned him for putting movement at risk
    (SKKM)
67
Q

Besides alienating white liberals what else did the Black Power movement do?

A

split the Civil Rights movement

  • A Phillip Randolph + Bayard Rustin + National Urban League denounced the phrase
  • only CORE supported the SNCC by this time
  • King did not like the phrase + was now struggling to maintain position as unifying force for civil rights
    (AOK)
68
Q

What was a domestic effect on blacks due to Vietnam?

A

fostered a climate of violence that made peaceful reform hard to sustain

  • blacks dying at disproportionate rates in Vietnam
  • civil rights workers being drafted in a war they hated
  • the government that condemned race riots at home willing to be violent overseas against other race
    (BCT)
69
Q

What did the SNCC do in the face of criticism towards Black Power?

A

fanned the flames even more

  • exploited the media’s obsession w/ violence
  • Carmichael began explicitly calling for violent action
    (EC)
70
Q

Why did the Black Power movement deteriorate in the South?

A
  • blacks gladly invoked Black Power in the South but grassroots activism still mainly nonviolent
  • most blacks recognized South was changing for the better (knew revolution talks were absurd)
  • separatism had little appeal
  • call for independent political parties in states where blacks were severely outnumbered didn’t make sense
  • many blacks offended by anti-white rhetoric (thought whites still valuable to civil rights cause)
    (BMSCM)
71
Q

Why did the Black Power movement deteriorate in the North?

A
  • SNCC proved unable to transform racial anger into local movements
  • SNCC mistook riots for rebellions (falsely concluded revolution was at hand)
  • riots didn’t indicate most blacks were alienated from the political system
  • riots were explosions of anger that evoked brutal overreactions by police
  • riot purpose was to draw attention to racial discrimination + extract concessions from gov.
    (SSRRR)
72
Q

What was the presence of the SNCC by 1967?

A

had withered away in the South completely

  • funds had dried up (relied on white contributors who stopped giving)
  • FBI infiltration + dirty tricks helped put an end to the SNCC
  • moribund by 1968
  • main cause of downfall was w/in (had no realistic plan of approach for their lofty ambitions)
    (FFMM)
73
Q

What did the ghetto riots inadvertently encourage?

A

a cult of the gun

  • SNCC advocated violence but never actually took part
  • US (United Slaves) + Black Panther Party for Self Defense (BPP) founded 1966 in California
  • both inspired by Malcolm X + represented competing visions of black nationalism
  • both amassed weapons + used them
    (SUBB)
74
Q

What was the Black Panther Party?

A
  • founded in Oakland by Huey Newton + Bobby Seale
  • eclectic mixture of black nationalism + Marxism
  • recruited similarly to NOI
  • derided US emphasis on African culture as “pork chop nationalism”
  • stressed that they would allow white radicals to join
  • ten point program combined reformist + revolutionary + nationalist demands
    (FERDST)
75
Q

What were some of the demands in the BPP ten point program?

A
  • exemption of black men from military service
  • release of all black prisoners
  • end to police brutality
  • UN supervised plebiscite to decide future of “black colony”
  • basic living income
    (EREUB)
76
Q

What was the focus of the BPP’s identity/appeal?

A

guns

  • carried them openly in public
  • May 2, 1967 = 30 Panthers went to Sacramento to protest law banning public display of guns
  • still committed to violence in self defense only
  • were policing the Oakland police (gun fights sparked)
    (CMSW)
77
Q

What was the focus of the BPP’s identity/appeal?

A

guns

-

78
Q

What was the federal response to the BPP?

A

cracked down hard

  • law enforcement targeted BPP members
  • over 300 panthers arrested in 1969 alone
  • Fred Hampton + Mark Clark shot dead by 14 Chicago policemen
    (LOF)
79
Q

What was the FBI’s role in destroying the BPP?

A
  • agents tapped telephones + recruited spies + used covert action techniques
  • spread false rumors to start infighting w/in the organization
  • incited violence between the panthers + other orgs.
    (ASI)
80
Q

How was the repression of the BPP overkill?

A
  • rhetoric of revolution just bombast
  • common among black orgs. at this time
  • violent language not meant to be taken literally
    (RCV)
81
Q

How were the BPP not innocent victims?

A
  • amassed weapons + went out of their way to provoke police
  • found it difficult to throw off earlier criminal habits (many members ex cons)
  • enforced internal disputes through beatings
  • did not hesitate to incite violence on undercover agents
  • Huey Newton became a junky + criminal
    (AFEDH)
82
Q

What did the downfall of the BPP illustrate?

A

dangers of organizing a political movement around guns

  • no semblance of internal democracy meant they relied on violently enforced dictatorial authority
  • challenges to authority led to violent feuds
  • commitment to violence made them especially susceptible to FBI
  • had conspiratorial methods of revolutionaries but not the fanaticism (created a siege mentality in BPP)
  • FBI exploited this who were masters at infiltrating secret orgs.
  • fear of spies/agents led to paranoia that led to inc. infighting
    (NCCHFF)
83
Q

What were the pros of Black Power?

A
  • educated blacks politically
  • fostered grassroots activism + national caucuses
  • changed black culture for the better
    (EFC)
84
Q

What did King attempt to do in 1967-68 to contend against the irrationality of Black Power?

A

forge an interracial coalition around the issue of poverty

-racial inequalities he thought were rooted in the structure of American capitalism

  • thought if poverty dramatized enough through nonviolent protest had capacity to grow nationally
    (RT)
85
Q

What was the fate of the Poor People’s Campaign following King’s death?

A

disaster

  • SCLC shantytown was an eyesore/embarrassment
  • achieved virtually nothing
    (SA)

HIST 301: African American History (14 decks)

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