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HIST 301: African American History > BDC CH. 4 > Flashcards

BDC CH. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What major event happened Aug. 14, 1908?

A
  • Springfield, IL riots
  • caused by alleged rape of white woman by black man
  • saw violence brought on entire black Springfield pop.
    (SCS)
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2
Q

What was the response by the local papers in Illinois about the Springfield Riot?

A
  • blamed events on blacks
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3
Q

Who was William English Walling?

A
  • young white man (descendant of KY slave owners)

- was a socialist (detested racial oppression
YW)

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4
Q

What was Walling’s response to the Springfield Riot?

A
  • wrote magazine article titled “The Race War in the North”
  • predicted end of US democracy if oppressive southern ideology spread to the North
  • called for a revival of the “abolitionists”
    (WPC)
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5
Q

What was the effect of Walling’s article?

A
  • inspired white “equalists” to fight for change
  • article underlined that race was a national not just regional issue
  • article showed that progressive reform had done little to help blacks
  • would help form organization w/ Walling to aid blacks (MWO + OGV) (invites sent out 1909 Lincoln’s birthday)
    (IAAW)
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6
Q

Who was Mary White Ovington?

A
  • white settlement house worker in NYC
  • first professional social worker to devote career to black aid
  • helped organize precursor to National Urban League
  • spent a lot of time traveling to black schools in the South
  • good friend of W.E.B DuBois
    (WFHSG)
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7
Q

Who was Oswald Garrison Villard?

A
  • rich northern Republican (abolitionist grandson)
  • heavy critique of Washington + accommodationism
  • endorsed a national defense committee to protect Negro rights
  • very important to cause being that he owned New York Evening Post + Nations Magazine
  • person who wrote invites to Lincoln meeting that started NAACP
    (RHEVP)
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8
Q

What event happened May 31, 1909?

A
  • National Conference on the Negro
  • denounced growing black oppression
  • marked birth of NAACP
    (NDM)
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9
Q

What was the makeup of white NAACP members?

A
  • mirrored typical Progressive era reformists (teachers, writers, businessmen, etc.)
  • affluent + college educated + republican/socialist + Protestant + non-immigrants
  • lived in big cities rather than country
  • some were descendants of abolitionists (MWO + OGV) while others were old civil war veterans
    (MALS)
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10
Q

What was the makeup of the black NAACP members?

A
  • well educated + politically active + relatively affluent
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11
Q

How did the founders of the NAACP differ from other progressives?

A
  • most white progressives had little interest in blacks
  • if they did care mostly agreed w/ southern sentiments
  • in South most progressives were white supremacists (disregarded enfranchisement/desegregation)
  • Teddy Roosevelt seen as “progressive” (supporter of southern ideals)
    (MIIT)
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12
Q

What was the foundation of the NAACP’s ideology?

A

complete rejection of racism

  • scientific racism still a thing in 1900s
  • National Conference on the Negro invited scientists to dispute claims
  • Burt Wilder (Cornell professor) said their was no evidence of black brain inferiority
    (SNB)
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13
Q

What did the National Conference on the Negro have to do w/ Booker T. Washington + what were the remarks made by DuBois?

A

meeting was repudiation of his ideals

  • refuted economic success meant social inferiority
  • denied industrial education + acquiring property as a suitable way to advance the race
  • disenfranchisement believed to further issue not help it
    (RDD)
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14
Q

What was Villard’s blueprint for the NAACP?

A

national committee to forward black interests + combat racial prejudice

  • would disseminate racial truth to masses through education bureau
  • investigate lynchings
  • publicize injustices
    (WIP)
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15
Q

What was seen as the NAACP’s main task?

A
  • take cases to Supreme Court to fight against blatant constitutional violations
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16
Q

What was an early problem the NAACP had to get over?

A

blacks/whites working together (wasn’t very common)

  • very few precedents for interracial orgs.
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17
Q

What was a lingering early fear among black NAACP members?

A
  • that it would become dominated by whites
  • whites had initiated NAACP idea (blacks just distinct minority at meeting)
  • made many black members distrustful of white members at first
    (TWM)
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18
Q

What was the main agenda created by the NAACP during the Conference on the Negro?

A

demanded impartial enforcement of Constitution

  • blacks should be guaranteed all rights ensured to them by 14th/15th amendments
  • equal treatment of law/equal access to vote
  • demanded equal educational opportunities for all
  • public school expenditure should equal white schools
    (BEDP)
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19
Q

Why were William Trotter + Ida B. Wells excluded from Committee of Forty to lead NAACP?

A
  • Villard didn’t wish to antagonize Booker T. Washington
  • thought Trotter/Wells’ militant behavior towards him may put NAACP in jeopardy
  • excluded Washington’s most uncompromising critics
    (TE)

Wells/Trotter thought not to be accepting of restraints of organization

  • Trotter especially difficult (was main catalyst for Niagara Movement failure)
    (VW)
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20
Q

How were the early days of the NAACP?

A

unbalanced/uneasy black/white alliance

  • local branch ordinary members mostly black
  • blacks well represented on board of directors
  • whites monopolized three key leadership positions (president + chairman + treasurer)
  • org. depended on white lawyers
  • board meetings often poorly attended (augmented authority of white executives)
    (LBWOB)
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21
Q

What was the internal early makeup of the NAACP?

A

whites dominated first two decades

  • Villard = chairman of the board/treasurer (virtually single-handedly carrying org.)
  • Ovington = full time volunteer (permanent fixture at NY HQ)
  • May Childs Nerney = white salaried secretary (driving force behind early NAACP development)
    (VOM)
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22
Q

Who was Joel Elias Spingarn?

A

white NAACP member

  • joined org. after dismissal from Columbia for defending academic freedom
  • developed close friendship w/ DuBois
  • convinced brother Arthur (a lawyer) to join
  • gave national speaking tours for NAACP between 1912-15
  • speaking tours crucial to getting word out beyond northeast
    (JDCGS)
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23
Q

How did DuBois impact the NAACP + first become involved in the NAACP?

A

gave them visibility + credibility as an interracial org.

  • joined in 1910 as research/literature director
  • founded orgs. monthly magazine “The Crisis”
    (JF)
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24
Q

How were Washington/DuBois different?

A
  • DuBois raised in North (ancestors had been free for a while)
  • was an urban intellectual (not agriculture)
  • began life at the top so had no tolerance for discrimination like Washington
- regarded acquiescence to second class citizenship as blasphemous 
(DWBR)
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25
Q

How was DuBois early life?

A
  • born in MA (faced relatively little discrimination)
  • went to school/church w/ many whites
  • got degrees from Fisk + Harvard
  • knew little about the South prior to attending Fisk (very disconnected from black majority)
    (BWGK)
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26
Q

What was different between Washington/DuBois ideology/philosophy?

A
  • DuBois never matter of factly accepted racial identity as a given
  • Washington avoided the problematic
  • Washington outspoken against Reconstruction (DuBois defended it)
    (DWW)
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27
Q

What did the Souls of Black Folk by DuBois give blacks?

A

a political compass

  • blacks needed correct understanding of their history
  • why it was important to fight against idea that Reconstruction was a mistake
  • DuBois praised work of Freedmen’s Bureau + northern school teachers + Reconstruction legislatures
    (BWD)
28
Q

What was DuBois’ intended effect by supporting the Reconstruction movement?

A
  • linked postbellum struggles for equality w/ present day defense of rights (like education/voting etc.)
  • Washington’s policy of “submission” out of touch w/ what black community needed
    (LW)
29
Q

How did the DuBois writing style his way of expressing racial equality?

A
  • used Greek/Latin metaphors/stories
  • fed into stereotype of “darky” who aspired for higher education
  • recognized attack on black higher education as a racist attack on equality
  • found it terrible Washington pandered to white belief that blacks in higher education was unnecessary
    (UFRF)
30
Q

What was the purpose of whites attacking black higher education?

A

sought to rob blacks of intellectual inheritance

  • blacks were as much a product of European culture as African culture
  • Souls had quotations from European intellectual + Negro spiritual in each chapter
  • “the life of the mind knew no color line”
  • to deny black culture was to deny them of the truth
    (BSTT)
31
Q

Who was Alexander Crummell in relations to DuBois?

A

episcopal minister who inspired DuBois ideology

  • denounced that equality would come through economic means alone
  • only scholars/thinkers could guide the masses
  • inspired DuBois idea for the “Talented Tenth”
    (DOI)
32
Q

What was the Talented Tenth?

A

higher educated blacks

  • cultured broad minded leadership that would fight for equal rights
  • w/o access to higher education visionary leaders would be lacking
    (CW)
33
Q

What was the economic critique that DuBois shared w/ Crummell?

A

echoed Crummell’s critique of shallow materialism

  • reflected Washington’s “get rich” philosophy
  • no amount of material wealth could compensate for disenfranchisement/inferior education/social inferiority
    (RN)
34
Q

What did the Souls of Black Folk do for DuBois?

A
  • made him voice of black intellectuals nationally
35
Q

How did DuBois opinion of Washington evolve?

A
  • was once a supporter of the Atlanta Compromise

- began to repudiate Washington’s leadership
WB

36
Q

What did DuBois’ intellect do for the black community?

A
  • developed organized movement w/ clear program + coherent ideology (Niagara Movement)
37
Q

What was the Niagara Movement?

A
  • instigated by DuBois in 1905
  • first collective attempt by blacks to demand full citizenship rights in 20th century
  • failed to become effective vehicle for black protest
  • exposed some of flaws of DuBois as a political leader + org. builder
    (ISFE)
38
Q

Why was the Niagara Movement based in the South when most of its members were Northerners?

A

where the black majority was (only way to establish relevance in community)

  • southern protest potential was clear w/ resentment towards segregation at fever pitch
39
Q

What were some of the measures taken in the early 20th century by blacks against public transport discrimination in the South?

A
  • held mass meetings + petitioned state legislatures + legally challenged it in court
  • New Orleans = Citizens Committee brought suit against railway that led to Plessy v. Ferguson
  • organized boycotts after new wave of Jim Crow mandated segregated seating on street cars
    (HNO)
40
Q

What was the thinking of many Southern blacks in the early 20th century?

A
  • found no difference between Washington’s self-help doctrine vs. agitation for equal rights
41
Q

What was a problem the Niagara Movement faced trying to get started in the South?

A

had little knowledge of how to organize mass movement

  • not clear they even wanted mass movement
  • DuBois expected his teachings/papers to be enough to spread the ideology
  • didn’t realize Talented Tenth didn’t make up leaders of the race
  • DuBois failed to develop strategy beyond mere agitation
    (NDDD)
42
Q

Why did the Niagara Movement fail in the South?

A
  • couldn’t raise a mass movement
  • failed to even support the street car boycott (was happening in DuBois state at that)
  • attacking discrimination through legal action was no different than methods Washington was using
  • couldn’t raise enough $$$ to finance litigation strategy
    (CFAC)
43
Q

What event was a huge setback for the Niagara Movement in the South?

A
  • 1906 Atlanta race riot
  • sparked by political campaign to enfranchise blacks + fake new stories of black rapists
  • intimidated the black community + quashed the Niagara spirit
  • endangered black leaders
    (NSIE)
44
Q

What was the response by black leaders to the Atlanta race riot of 1906?

A

sought protection of white upper class to prevent further violence

  • Washington urged restraint + cooperation w/ rich whites
  • asserted Washington’s leadership + underlined DuBois’ inferior clout (shook his confidence)
  • placed question over Niagara Movement methods
    (WAP)
45
Q

What were even more difficulties faced by the Niagara Movement in the South besides the lack of real strategy?

A
  • initially excluded women (deprived them of large support source)
  • personality conflicts were debilitating (especially behavior by Trotter)
  • absence of white participation (lacked financial support/isolated them from mainstream progressives)
  • Washington’s covert actions to undermine the group
    (IPAW)
46
Q

Why were the Niagara Movement members important pioneers, even though they failed to accomplish much?

A
  • reasserted belief that blacks were entitled to all constitutional rights
  • asserted blacks should campaign for restoration of constitutional freedom
  • blazed a trail towards the NAACP
  • gave DuBois experience in journalism that became valuable for his time w/ The Crisis mag./NAACP
    (RABG)
47
Q

How did the Niagara Movement blaze a path towards the NAACP?

A
  • black support for Washington dwindling by 1909

- white liberals were inc. endorsing the NAACP
BW

48
Q

How did The Crisis magazine perform?

A
  • was an immediate success in the black community
49
Q

What were some other opinions held by the NAACP leaders about The Crisis?

A
  • Villard = criticized amount of time DuBois dedicated to mag. + not to his other research/publicity duties
  • Villard disliked DuBois used The Crisis as his personal mouthpiece not voice of NAACP
  • colleagues worried about DuBois’ attacks on white philanthropists/black ministers in articles
  • most early heated board meetings were about DuBois + The Crisis
    (VVCM)
50
Q

How did the NAACP handle DuBois + his writing in The Crisis?

A
  • allowed him writing freedom (w/ editorial committee)
  • would eventually provoke Villard to leave NAACP leadership
  • Ovington + Spingarn knew DuBois too valuable to lose
    (AWO)
51
Q

Why was DuBois work on the Crisis so important to the NAACP?

A
  • litigation + organization strategies meant nothing if the org. message failed to reach wide audience
  • could not match Washington’s white financial backing
  • but used The Crisis to speak directly to educated blacks across the country
    (LCB)
52
Q

How did The Crisis magazine strike a chord w/ black America?

A
  • many blacks sick of Washington’s pandering to whites
  • liked a mag. that didn’t hold back
  • mounted a sustained frontal attack on racial prejudice
    (MLM)
53
Q

What became a major target of DuBois + The Crisis?

A

Washington + Tuskegee Institute

54
Q

What race issue was DuBois most outspoken about?

A

lynching

  • NAACP sent blacks/white sympathizers to investigate lynchings
  • DuBois would write on them
  • boldly advocated for black self defense against lynch mobs (berated blacks for cowardly behavior)
    (NDB)
55
Q

What were the positives that The Crisis provided the black community?

A
  • instilled pride in the race + extolled black accomplishments
  • showcased blacks in art/scholarship/literature
  • placed black struggle in context of world events + broad social currents
  • campaigned for women’s suffrage + supported labor rights
    (ISPC)
  • threatened Washington’s hold on black America
56
Q

What were some of the early litigation victories for the NAACP?

A
  • defended black man accused of rape in NYC
  • 1915 = Guinn v. US (defeated OK’s grandfather clause)
  • 1917 = Buchanan v. Worley (won against KY law that established separate white/black neighborhoods)
    (DNN)
57
Q

How were the early Supreme Court victories by the NAACP less impactful than they seemed?

A

decisions did little to change daily race relations

  • racial zoning deemed unconstitutional but housing discrimination still completely legal
  • elimination of grandfather clause didn’t matter much since their were other methods to limit black vote
    (RE)
58
Q

What were some of the most notable litigation losses the NAACP suffered in the early 20th century?

A
  • failed to stop segregation w/in the federal gov.

- lost campaign for theaters to stop showing Birth of A Nation
FL

59
Q

What events led up to the segregation of the federal gov.?

A
  • 1913 = Postmaster General Burleson proposes blacks/whites in Railway Mail Service to work separate
  • caused pattern of segregation in federal gov. departments
  • from 1914 onward all civil service applicants required to submit photos (dec. proportion of black gov. employees)
    (NCF)
60
Q

How did the NAACP win even in defeat?

A

by creating public controversy it got white attention

  • caused Woodrow Wilson to distance himself from Birth of A Nation after outcry
  • federal gov. backed off making segregation official policy (embarrassed by civil service segregation dispute)
  • plans for completely segregated postal service dropped
  • brought attention to lynching (federal gov. threatened to step in if south didn’t curb issue)
    (CFPB)
61
Q

How was the early growth period of the NAACP?

A
  • painfully slow (despite success of The Crisis)
  • only branches were Boston + NYC + DC until 1912 (combined total of 329 members)
  • 1914 = still lacked functioning branches in Chicago/STL/Detroit + didn’t have single Southern branch
  • 1916 = saw a tremendous jump in membership
    (PONN)
62
Q

Who was James Weldon Johnson?

A
  • Florida native (still had much in common w/ DuBois)
  • NAACP secretary
  • helped write “Lift Every Voice and Sing” (black national anthem)
  • was once a supporter of Washington + didn’t support Niagara Movement
  • highly successful in selling NAACP to blacks/whites
    (FNHWH)
63
Q

What did Johnson do to help the NAACP cause?

A

made first task organizing the South

  • speaking tour across South caused a bunch of new branches to spring up
  • spoke of how prejudice destroyed both victims/perps.
    (SS)
64
Q

What cemented the NAACP as the leading black voice?

A
  • death of Washington 1915
65
Q

What was becoming a common action in the black community in the 1910s/20s?

A
  • many began venturing North to labor deprived factories

- blacks became heavily involved patriotically leading up to WWI
BM

HIST 301: African American History (14 decks)

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