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HIST 301: African American History > BDC CH.5 > Flashcards

BDC CH.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did WWI bring for African Americans?

A

new opportunities

  • inspired by President Wilson patriotism
  • embraced “War for Democracy”
  • hoped white America would praise their loyalty/service
  • Civil War = ended slavery (WWI hoped to end white supremacy for them)
    (IEHC)
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2
Q

What was DuBois’ position on African American participation in WWI?

A
  • not sit idly by
  • defend democracy
  • work for new democracy that “knows no color”
    (NDW)
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3
Q

What was the first major effect of WWI on the population?

A

The Great Migration

  • many moved from South to the North
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4
Q

What was the life like in the South prior to the Great Migration for blacks?

A
  • economic limits trapped them in the South
  • bulk remained in agriculture post emancipation
  • often moved farm to farm for better land
  • some lucky to find good long term land (Mississippi Delta)
  • gains from moving were little (few cotton profits trickled down to sharecroppers/tenant farmers)
    (EBOSG)
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5
Q

What were some of the non-agricultural opportunities open to blacks in the South?

A
  • coal + iron in AL
  • tobacco in VA + NC
  • railroads
    (CTR)
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6
Q

What made the industry opportunities in the South worse than the North for blacks?

A
  • small enterprises compared to Northern opportunities

- largest southern industry (textiles) completely banned black workers
SL

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7
Q

What were the obstacles/risks for blacks to leave the South?

A
  • lack of skills
  • lack of money
  • lack of connections in the North
  • racial job discrimination (biggest deterrent)
    (LLLR)
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8
Q

What was racial job discrimination like in the North?

A
  • collusion between bosses/workers to keep blacks out of most industries
  • widespread discrimination relegated blacks to low wage unskilled jobs
    (CW)
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9
Q

Why did most Northern labor unions exclude blacks?

A
  • past use of blacks as strikebreakers

- racial prejudice
PR

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10
Q

What was the largest Northern labor union that allowed black membership?

A

United Mine Workers of America

  • accounted for half of black union members in the AFL
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11
Q

What was the black migration trend between 1890-1910?

A
  • very minuscule

- only about 200K in total moved North
VO

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12
Q

When did blacks start to migrate to the North in larger numbers?

A
  • around 1915
  • response to labor needs in North for WWI orders
  • fighting cut off supply of Euro immigrant labor (blacks highly demanded in North factories)
    (ARF)
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13
Q

What was the response by the North to their labor shortage during WWI?

A
  • previously exclusive industries allowed blacks in
  • automobile factories like Packard/Ford opened doors to black labor
  • some factories sent recruiters to South for black labor (willing to pay train fare for blacks to come)
  • prejudice to backseat to profit/necessity
    (PASP)
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14
Q

What were the new opportunities open to black women in the North during WWI?

A
  • filled laundry/kitchen positions

- included in jobs mostly only for migrant women (who now worked in factories
FI)

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15
Q

What was the response by Southern Whites at first to The Great Migration?

A

didn’t take it seriously

  • attributed it to naive blacks falling for fantasy description of North
  • predicted they would return after feeling winter cold of New York/Chicago
    (AP)
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16
Q

What was the response by some Northern Democrats at first to The Great Migration?

A
  • knew most black migrants were Reps.
  • thought it was convoluted Rep. plot import illegal voters
  • President Wilson asks Justice Department to investigate possible election fraud scheme
    (KTP)
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17
Q

What was the result of the Justice Department election investigation into the migrant black workers?

A
  • questioned families left behind by black migrants in the South
  • found no evidence of election fraud being reason for moving (went mostly for economic reasons)
    (QF)
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18
Q

What was the political element of The Great Migration?

A
  • discrimination + lynching taken toll on blacks

- eager to leave for better treatment in the North
DE

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19
Q

What was the response by blacks when the US first entered WWI?

A
  • highly supportive

- very patriotic
HV

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20
Q

What was a shared belief among African Americans about WWI?

A
  • should be fight against domestic discrimination along w/ German autocracy
  • war heightened their resentment of discrimination
  • NAACP support skyrocketed
    (SWN)
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21
Q

What did the federal government do unintentionally by encouraging black support for WWI?

A

encouraged black militancy

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22
Q

What was the shift in behavior by the federal government to blacks during WWI?

A
  • now appointed black advisers in Washington
  • enlisted blacks in Liberty Loan fundraising drives
  • encouraged Southern Whites to formally consult black leaders
  • blacks were respected/recognized (white supremacy seemed vulnerable)
    (NEEB)
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23
Q

What were the actions taken by black newspaper editors to President Wilson?

A
  • petitioned him for policy change

- could make blacks great “fighters for victory” if domestic issues addressed
PC

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24
Q

What did black newspaper editors ask for from President Wilson as part of their petitions?

A
  • better public transport conditions
  • employment opportunities
  • lynching ban
    (BEL)
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25
Q

What was going to be the main test of racial progress during WWI?

A
  • treatment of black soldiers
  • whites long regarded black soldiers as threat/insult
  • seen as affront to white supremacy
  • 1906 Brownsville incident only made tensions worse
    (TWSN)
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26
Q

Why were white fears of black soldiers upending white supremacy not irrational?

A
  • blacks roughly equal w/ white comrades (even in segregated regimes)
  • military service had strengthened black backbones
  • not afraid to defend themselves from white discrimination (Brownsville)
    (BMN)
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27
Q

Who was Joel Spingarn?

A
  • chairman of NAACP
  • took action when military didn’t take steps to train black officers for WWI
  • lobbied for black only officer camp (went against anti-segregation stance of NAACP)
  • ridiculed by blacks for aiding/abetting Jim Crow
    (CTPR)
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28
Q

What was the effect of Spingarn’s lobbying for black officers camp?

A

it worked

  • Camp Des Moines opened in 1917
  • trained over 2000 black officers
    (CT)
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29
Q

What was DuBois attitude towards racial discrimination as the US entered WWI?

A
  • very optimistic (felt white hate was softening)
  • saw tide turning in blacks favor by 1917
  • thought this “unconditional patriotism” would be key to advancing black cause over protesting
  • urged blacks to inc. support in 1918 + forget special grievances
    (VSTU)
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30
Q

What was the reality of DuBois’ patriotism theory?

A
  • he was wrong
  • whites still determined to keep blacks in check
  • whites accepted black war participation but only on Jim Crow terms
    (HWW)
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31
Q

What did WWI bring about in the black community + what was its effect on whites?

A
  • black migration + black militancy + black military service

- provoked violent white backlash
BP

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32
Q

What was the condition of East St. Louis, IL + black migrants?

A
  • seen as the “Pittsburgh of the West”
  • thousands of blacks found industrial jobs during WWI
  • white workers feared/resented migrants
  • viewed as threat to living standards + politics + social status
    (STWV)
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33
Q

What provoked the East St. Louis race riot of 1917?

A
  • Aluminum Ore Company used blacks as strikebreakers + to destroy a labor union
  • white labor leaders responded by calling for “drastic action”
  • July 2, 1917 = gangs of white men roamed downtown to beat up/lynched/killed all blacks they saw
  • burnt down black homes + destroyed neighborhoods
  • Illinois National Guard did little to stop it
    (AWJBI)
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34
Q

What was the 1917 race riot in Houston?

A
  • 100 black soldiers of 24th infantry wreaked vengeance on Houston whites
  • provoked by Jim Crow subjection + overall discrimination
  • led by Colonel Charles Baltimore
  • opened fire on police station
    (OPLO)
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35
Q

What was the reaction of the NAACP to the Houston riot?

A
  • sent investigator down to defend black violence
  • said it stemmed from white police mistreatment first
  • seen by white community as defending the indefensible
    (SSS)
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36
Q

What was the response by the Houston courts to the race riot?

A
  • death penalty for 19 soldiers for murder/mutiny
  • 50 soldiers got life sentences
  • seen as grossly unfair by black community
  • speed of court martial + death penalty sentences reeked of Jim Crow
  • blacks angry at President Wilson
    (DFSSB)
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37
Q

What was the response by President Wilson to the black backlash to the sentencing of the Houston riots?

A
  • he commuted ten of the remaining 16 death sentences

- done after NAACP appealed for clemency
HD

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38
Q

What did the army privately say was the cause of the Houston race riots?

A
  • resolve of black soldiers to assert rights as citizens to defend themselves from white hostility
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39
Q

What was the attitude about racial segregation in the armed forced among Southern Whites + the federal government?

A
  • non negotiable

- if blacks resisted segregation white supremacy suggested their elimination from armed forces
NI

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40
Q

Why were most black soldier units stationed on the peripheries of US territory + France?

A
  • desire to keep black soldiers out of the South
41
Q

What was the state of black soldiers on the Western Front?

A
  • green
  • poorly equipped
  • badly led
  • severely mauled by Germany’s superior forces
    (GPBS)
42
Q

What was the US response to the beating they were taking on the Western Front?

A
  • learned to combat Germany
  • blacks/whites worked to drive Germany out of France
  • secured Allied victory
    (LBS)
43
Q

How were blacks treated for going to war?

A
  • many didn’t receive any credit

- myths spread that blacks normally broke rank/ran (mostly spread by white officers
MM)

44
Q

What was the opinion held by whites about black officers in WWI?

A
  • highly disliked
  • white soldiers couldn’t argue that they weren’t brave/competent soldiers
  • instead said they were an “able-few” of “exceptional mulattos”
    (HWI)
45
Q

Who was Colonel Charles Young?

A
  • highest ranking black officer
  • denied active service commission on ridiculous charges
  • defended competence of black soldiers
  • said blood had nothing to do w/ black officer performance (mulatto didn’t matter)
    (HDDS)
46
Q

How did the treatment of black soldiers stationed in France show the discrimination in the US military during WWI?

A
  • 80% of black conscripts assigned to labor battalions (accounted for 1/3 of army’s pick/shovel workers)
  • very few allowed to actually fight
  • US tried to have French practice racial segregation
    (EVU)
47
Q

What did the US do to try to convince the French to segregate from black troops?

A
  • army circulated racist leaflet in French camps
  • explained white American unanimously believed must be strictly segregated
  • in order to avoid degeneracy
  • said French officers should be careful not to commend black performance
  • should not be friendly w/ black officers
  • should try to prevent French civilian/black interaction (protect French women from black rape)
    (AEISSS)
48
Q

How did the myth of black soldiers being failures grow?

A
  • psychologists used false IQ test data
  • scores were much more related to education/income than race (blacks outscored whites in some South states)
  • used by military to further agenda
    (PSU)
49
Q

How did the treatment of black soldiers get even worse in WWII than from WWI?

A
  • blacks barred from any combat duty whatsoever
50
Q

What was President Wilson’s response to the discontent among black soldiers stationed in France?

A

sent Robert Moton (Booker T successor at Tuskegee) to investigate

  • knew that blacks soldiers seen as failures reflected badly on entire race
  • fought charges of black ineptness
  • demonstrated in trial records that only handful of black soldiers convicted of rape
  • pleaded w/ white officers to give blacks equal opportunities
  • told black soldiers to “behave” once they got home (don’t undo the good that’s already come)
    (KFDPT)
51
Q

What effect had the entry into WWI had on the political landscape of black America in 1918-19?

A
  • nurtured a new crop of radicals
  • DuBois challenged from the left by A Phillip Randolph
  • DuBois needed to redeem himself after patriotism rant was revealed to be done to receive army commission
    (NDD)
52
Q

What was DuBois response to radical leftist pressure on the treatment of black soldiers?

A
  • blasted treatment of black soldiers

- ridiculed Moton for having less interest in defeating discrimination + more on assimilation
BR

53
Q

Why was Moton a target of DuBois + the Left?

A
  • had allegedly told black soldiers to forget about gaining voting rights + upsetting Jim Crow structure
  • DuBois criticism caused wave of hate towards Moton from black community
    (HD)
54
Q

What was the mood of black veterans after they returned home from WWI?

A
  • had broadened horizons + greater political awareness
  • bitter over treatment
  • warm feelings towards French people
  • had resolve to assert their rights in the US (despite Moton words of warning)
    (HBWH)
55
Q

Where was black militancy most present?

A

New York City

  • HQ of the Messenger magazine (radical black owned magazine)
  • where Marcus Garvey grew his fanbase at the Mother Zion AME Church
    (HW)
56
Q

What was the Messenger magazine?

A
  • run by Owen Chandler + A Phillip Randolph
  • Marxist theory
  • attacked most prominent black leaders
  • aimed to provoke
    (RMAA)
57
Q

What were the topic covered in the Messenger magazine?

A
  • condemned war as fight between capitalists
  • ridiculed DuBois as naive opportunist
  • denounced NAACP as anti-labor
  • condemned black church as for profit business
  • ridiculed President Wilson/Teddy Roosevelt
  • praised strike movements + communist revolution
    (CRDCRP)
58
Q

Who was Marcus Garvey?

A
  • founder of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association)
  • was at first an admirer of Booker T. (wanted to found Tuskegee like school back in Jamaica)
  • attuned himself to more militant attitude following war
  • berated white people for cruelty + called on blacks to unite under his leadership
    (FWAB)
59
Q

What was the international dimension applied to black militancy in the US?

A
  • President Wilson’s words of “self determination” as foundation of American life struck a chord w/ blacks
  • wanted it to be applied to Africa (Paris Peace Agreement coming up)
    (PW)
60
Q

What was the attitudes among blacks about the upcoming Paris Peace Agreement over Africa?

A
  • many excited (expected black delegates to be present)
61
Q

What were DuBois thoughts of the Paris Peace Agreement?

A
  • expected independent Negro Central African Republic to come from it
  • set up Pan-African Congress that met in Paris to submit proposals to Allies
    (ES)
62
Q

What was Garvey’s thoughts of the Paris Peace Agreement?

A
  • went even further than DuBois
  • demanded Africa must be for Africans
  • promised to organize Negroes everywhere
  • said if whites refuse to relinquish Africa they should be prepared to fight for their independence
    (WDPS)
63
Q

How did black militancy affect blacks in the South as well?

A
  • April, 1919 = University Commission on Southern Race Questions goes to speak w/ black Fisk faculty
  • wanted to hear Negro issues from them
  • talked about how Jim Crow existence was going to stunt any further relations between the races
    (AWT)
64
Q

What was apart of the list of demands presented by Professor Isaac Fisher to the University Commission on Southern Race Questions?

A
  • equal education facilities
  • voting rights
  • fair treatment under law
  • black jurors
  • protections for black women
  • ending of lynching
  • end to employment discrimination
  • end of Jim Crow
    (EVFBPEEE)
65
Q

What did the expansion of the NAACP in the South signify?

A
  • the era of Booker T. Washington was over

- network of black women’s clubs contributed heavily to NAACP growth in the South
TN

66
Q

What was the effect of WWI on black clubs women in the South?

A
  • tapped women’s organizational skills

- drew them closer to national civil rights struggle
TD

67
Q

Who was Mary Burnett Talbert?

A
  • was president of NACW (1916-20)
  • was a Red Cross Nurse + YWCA secretary in France during war
  • joined board of NAACP in 1918 (took tours across TX + LA to found new branches/recruit new members)
    (WWJ)
68
Q

What was the effect of Talbert’s tour in TX + LA?

A
  • went from 0 to 12 branches in TX in 1918
  • original membership grew 3x
  • women made up at least 25% of new members in TX chapters
  • bulk of membership came from working class
    (WOWB)
69
Q

How did black militancy affect the labor movement?

A
  • surging NAACP/UNIA support reflected aspirations of workers/the poor (not just the middle class)
  • inc. class consciousness + new interest in unions went along w/ greater want for racial equality
  • encouraged blacks to expect higher wages + better conditions + union recognition
    (SIE)
70
Q

How did the Wilson administration react to the Labor Movement?

A
  • made many concessions to organized labor
  • wanted to speed up industrial production
  • movement enjoyed large growth from 1915-20
    (MWM)
71
Q

What was the effect of the war on the labor movement?

A
  • war caused inflation which eroded wages
  • gov. relaxed supervision of economy
  • started wave of strikes in every industry
  • many blacks eager to organize (even though they were barred from the AFL)
    (WGSM)
72
Q

What the response by the black community when they were barred from the AFL?

A

joined what unions they could + created their own

  • blacks joined the United Mine Workers in AL (one of few AFL unions that welcomed blacks)
  • black longshoremen staged strikes in Southern ports
  • International Union of Timber Workers + Carpenters/Jointers started striking in LA
  • Progressive Farmers Union in AR (black sharecroppers strike against white landlords)
    (BBIP)
73
Q

What happened after the signing of the Armistice?

A
  • national unity wave subsided

- Great Migration + wartime mobilization now produced renewed determination for whites to repress blacks
NG

74
Q

What was the Red Summer of 1919?

A
  • epidemic of racial violence on blacks

- employers backed by federal gov. crushed black strikes
EE

75
Q

What was waiting for black veterans who were returning to the South?

A

wall of suspicion + hostility

  • Division of Military Intelligence warned that black veterans would be inclined to impudence/arrogance
  • county sheriffs thus struck hard against any black militancy
  • many black veterans lynched (keep them in their place about racial superiority)
  • made worse by black veteran tales of racial equality in Europe
    (DCMM)
76
Q

What was also a trend in 1919?

A
  • race riots (26 in total)
  • federal gov. did nothing to stop it
  • President Wilson eventually made half hearted statement against riots
    (RFP)
77
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A
  • small amount of radicalism worried Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
  • saw as serious revolutionary threat
  • Palmer calls on the FBI to investigate suspecting communists
  • gov. ended up deporting hundreds of radicals
  • local/State authorities also did their part to crackdown
    (SSPGL)
78
Q

What actions did state/local governments take during the Red Scare?

A
  • smashed Industrial Workers of the World
  • tried to suppress any left wing thinking
  • NY legislature expelled expelled Socialist Party members
  • states outlawed “criminal syndicalism” (made advocacy for revolution illegal)
    (STNM)
79
Q

How were blacks treated under Palmer’s Red Scare mission?

A
  • escaped most investigations since they were citizens
  • black militancy still seen as dangerous
  • anyone opposed to white supremacy ran risk of being targeted as a radical
  • Bolshevism seen as an explanation for black unrest (thus used as excuse for anti-black violence)
  • many whites justified wave of lynchings in 1919 in name of patriotism
    (EBABM)
80
Q

What was the black response to the rise in violence in 1919?

A
  • encouraged by black leaders to defend themselves

- even NAACP encouraged blacks to defend
EE

81
Q

What did the Elaine, AR riot of 1919 show?

A
  • even when blacks resorted to violence whites had means to crush them
82
Q

What was the economic conflict between black farmers + white landlords that provoked the Elaine race riot?

A
  • blacks in Phillip County had formed Progressive Farmers + Household Union of America
  • used to strengthen bargaining w/ landlords (who’d been cheating them on their share of profits)
  • decided to demand itemized statement of accounts (take them to court if landlords refused)
  • planned to refuse to pick cotton/sell cotton below market price
    (BUDP)
83
Q

What event happened on September 30, 1919 in Elaine?

A
  • black farmers met at church to discuss disputes w/ landlords
  • some were armed
  • mysterious car pulled up on the church (allegedly farmers fired first)
  • ended up killing a railroad agent + wounding deputy sheriff
    (BSME)
84
Q

What was the response by whites to the church shooting on September 30, 1919 in Elaine?

A
  • convinced whites blacks were gonna launch full scale insurrection
  • story that blacks were plotting to kill many
  • AR governor requested federal troops (gov. sent troops)
  • 600 federal troops helped local law enforcement round up black “revolutionaries”
  • resulted in many black killings/beatings
    (CSASR)
85
Q

How did the NAACP fight to resist the Red Summer?

A
  • mounted NY protest after East St. Louis riot
  • took out full page ads condemning lynching
  • held a lynching conference in Carnegie Hall in 1919
  • caused an antilynching bill to be introduced to Congress
  • saved the lives of those arrested for role in Elaine riot (Moore v. Dempsey)
    (MTHCS)
86
Q

Why did Southern white leaders eventually take action to stop the violence on blacks by 1920?

A
  • feared federal legislation
  • worried continued black migration would result in a labor shortage
  • lynching/mob violence went down drastically in 1920
    (FWL)
87
Q

What effect did the Red Summer have on the NAACP?

A
  • shattered hope of becoming mass org. throughout South

- Shillady killing
SS

88
Q

Who was John R. Shillady?

A
  • white man

- NAACP first executive secretary
WN

89
Q

What happened when Shillady traveled to Austin?

A
  • beaten by three white men outside his hotel
  • was there to discuss w/ state officials who were trying to suppress the NAACP branch there
  • resigned position after incident
  • died shortly after he resigned
    (BWRD)
90
Q

How did white Southern leaders respond to the Shillady beating?

A
  • praised it

- said that’s the correct way to deal w/ NAACP
PS

91
Q

What was the effect of the Shillady beating on the growth of the NAACP in the South?

A
  • growth suddenly stopped than reversed
  • most TX branches became dormant in 1920
  • overall many shrank/folded across the South
  • had become virtually extinct outside the major cities
    (GMOH)
92
Q

What was the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC)?

A
  • founded in Atlanta 1919 to ameliorate racial tension
  • fought the revived KKK
  • encouraged whites to take practical steps to improve black education + health + living conditions
  • campaigned against lynching using moral influence of southern white women (shamed violence)
  • provided data on southern racial issues
  • succeeded in bringing southern blacks/whites together where NAACP failed
    (FFECPS)
93
Q

Why was the CIC an accepted institution by southern whites instead of the NAACP?

A

CIC accepted basic structure of white supremacy

  • assumed Northern black leaders only provoked Southern hostility
  • improvements in race relations would only come through white southern consent
    (CAI)
94
Q

What actions did the CIC take that allowed southern whites to accept them?

A
  • did not campaign for black enfranchisement + desegregation
  • was interracial org. but whites were mostly in charge
  • very careful of presenting blacks/whites together
- did not raise popular base (looked to middle/upper class support)
(DWVD)
95
Q

What was the main goal of the CIC when it came to black support?

A
  • wanted to draw blacks away from NAACP militant rhetoric/action
96
Q

What was the Chicago race riot?

A
  • white Chicagoans felt angst towards new blacks even before Great Migration (unwelcome competition)
  • defended area by creating neighborhood associations + pressuring landlords + bombed black homes
  • racial violence exploded July 27, 1919 (38 lives)
    (WDR)
97
Q

What were the long term consequences of the Chicago riot?

A
  • Chicago leaders concluded segregation only way to keep peace
  • 1921 = city realtors adopt restrictive covenants
  • prevented white home owners from reselling/renting property to blacks
  • caused formation of large black ghettos
  • served as a model for many Northern city future policies
    (CNPCS)
98
Q

What segregation patterns in the North followed the restrictive covenant policies of Chicago?

A
  • private discrimination used as loophole to Supreme Court restrictions on race residential zones
  • school enrollment followed (became segregated)
  • even black teachers couldn’t work in white schools
  • churches became highly segregated (separate parishes for black worshippers)
    (PSEC)
99
Q

How did the Red Scare play a part in consolidating white supremacy?

A
  • helped employers suppress radical thinking + defeat interracial unions
  • Bogalusa, LA = Great Southern Lumber Company hired vigilantes to kill union leaders
  • Chicago = meat packing leaders persuaded blacks to cross picket lines (breaking strikes)
  • white union members convinced they couldn’t organize blacks
  • blacks convinced white union members can’t be trusted
    (HBCWB)

HIST 301: African American History (14 decks)

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