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HIST 301: African American History > BDC CH.1 > Flashcards

BDC CH.1 Flashcards

The Failure of Reconstruction + The Triumph of White Supremacy

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1
Q

What was the area known as the Black Belt + what states had a black majority population?

A
  • where majority of blacks in US were concentrated (from S VA to E TX) (known for soil fertility for plantations)
  • Louisiana + Mississippi + South Carolina = black majority states
    (LMS)
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2
Q

What events/legislation took place the officially marked the end of slavery?

A
  1. Confederacy Defeat

2. 13th Amendment
CT

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3
Q

What were the privileges given to new “freedmen” in the South?

A
  • marriages legally recognized
  • able to form independent families
  • religious freedom
  • right to private property
  • free from white supervision
    (MARRF)
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4
Q

What was one of the first actions taken by African Americans as freedmen?

A
  • many went searching for family members on other plantations
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5
Q

What actions did African American Southerners take to gain freedom prior to the passing of the 13th Amendment/Civil War?

A
  • released (manumitted) by masters

- bought their way out
RB

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6
Q

What made the free African Americans in the South prior to the Civil War so important for the future of African Americans nationally?

A
  • were first black group to acquire basic literacy + skills + property
  • formed backbone of future black leadership
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7
Q

What were the demands being made by black leadership to politicians after the Civil War?

A
  • “full equality”

- land + property + legal right (trial by jury) + education

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8
Q

What actions did the freedmen take to assert their freedom?

A
  • resisted signing labor contracts w/ former masters
  • if compelled to work for whites: shortened work day + limited work week + demanded women not work in the fields
    (SLD)
  • left white churches to form their own
    (RIL)
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9
Q

What were the opinions of the Democratic/Republican Party at the time after the Civil War about the status of the freedmen?

A

Democrats - opposed abolition + thought blacks as inferior

Republicans - formed to stop spread of slavery + fought in Civil War to end it

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10
Q

Who were the Radicals in the Republican Party + who were they led by?

A
  • small group that believed in racial equality

- led by Thaddeus Stevens + Charles Sumner

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11
Q

What was the opinion of Abraham Lincoln regarding the freedmen in the South?

A
  • educated/literate blacks + former black Union soldiers should get voting rights
  • did not compel states to do this (merely suggested)
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12
Q

What circumstances following Lincoln’s assassination took place that persuaded the Republican Party to become more supportive of complete black liberation?

A
  • Andrew Johnson policies

-Black Codes - convinced Republicans blacks need federal protection
AB

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13
Q

What was so dangerous about President Andrew Johnson to the status of blacks in the South?

A
  • was a staunch racist
  • restored self-government to South
  • sympathetic towards Southern Whites
  • allowed Confederate representatives in Congress
    (WRSA)
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14
Q

What were the Black Codes enforced by the Southern states following the Civil War?

A

discrimination laws that placed blacks under white control

  • prevented blacks testifying against whites in Court
  • limited property available for blacks to buy
  • required license fees for blacks to start businesses
  • vagrancy laws to compel blacks to work for whites
  • ridiculous fines
    (PLRVR)
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15
Q

Where did race riots take place that helped convince Republicans to go forward w/ Reconstruction?

A

Memphis + New Orleans (1866)

MN

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16
Q

What important political events occurred between 1866-1868?

A
  • Republicans win control of Congress (1866)
  • Republicans returned South to military occupation
  • impeached Andrew Johnson (1868)
    (RRI)
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17
Q

What was the impact of the 14th Amendment?

A
  • struck down Black Codes

- made freedmen full citizens = given “equal protection”

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18
Q

What was the impact of the 15th Amendment?

A
  • gave black men right to vote
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19
Q

What was the political impact for blacks when universal suffrage was accepted?

A
  • saw blacks not just vote but hold public offices
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20
Q

How did education progress for blacks under the new Reconstruction policies?

A
  • Freedmen’s Bureau/north Churches set up system of private/public blacks schools
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21
Q

What was the biggest flaw of Radical Reconstruction that caused it to fail?

A
  • failed to give promised land to freedmen

- “forty acres + a mule”

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22
Q

What was the result of the government not promising African Americans any private land?

A
  • many worked as sharecroppers for white landlord

- many never able to escape their debt

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23
Q

What was another way the federal government besides a lack of land rights failed the freedmen during the Reconstruction era?

A
  • did not ensure their education
  • South out of money from war - incapable of properly funding schools
  • Congress shut down Freedmen’s Bureau (1870) + denied further money to public education
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24
Q

What was the impact of the lack of education funding from the federal government on African Americans?

A
  • 50% white vs 31% black kids enrolled in school (1890)

- 15% white vs 65% black kids illiterate

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25
Q

What was considered the worst failure of Reconstruction?

A
  • gov. didn’t enforce racial equality policies

- weak in execution

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26
Q

What actions did the federal government take that led to an immediate backlash against the policies in the South from angry whites?

A
  • enfranchisement of blacks + disenfranchisement of former Confederates
    (ED)
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27
Q

What strategies did white southerners utilize to try to eliminate Reconstruction efforts in the South?

A
  • intimidation + violence

IV

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28
Q

What factors caused violence against blacks to escalate in the south during Reconstruction?

A
  • enfranchisement of blacks + return of military occupation + Republicans winning state elections
    (ERB)
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29
Q

When/where was the Ku Klux Klan founded?

A

Pulaski, TN (1866)

  • members were white Democrats
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30
Q

What was the political violence that was happening in predominantly black populated states + what was the result?

A
  • KKK killed/beat both white Republicans + blacks to prevent elections going Republican
  • would end many Republican controlled governments
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31
Q

What events occurred that officially ended Radical Reconstruction in 1877?

A
  • Democratic takeover of Louisiana + Mississippi + South Carolina
    (LMS)
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32
Q

What was the Republican Party’s response to the political violence that was happening in the South?

A
  • deployed troops
  • formed state militias
  • suspended habeas corpus
  • prosecuted Klansman
    (DFSP)
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33
Q

What caused the violence in the South to continue even after Republican intervention?

A
  • Klansman broken up but new groups replaced them
  • violence too widespread for troops to contain all
  • too well supported for convictions to kill spread
  • coercion became popular among Northern voters
    (KVTC)
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34
Q

Why did the Republican Party decide to allow the Democrats to recapture the South + allow white supremacy to take hold?

A
  • felt they could retake White House w/o black support
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35
Q

What were the goals of the Democratic Party about the freedmen once they reclaimed the South?

A
  • tolerated black voting but unwilling to share political power w/ blacks
  • wanted to suppress black vote entirely eventually
    (TW)
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36
Q

What actions did the Democratic Party take to try to suppress black influence in the South as much as possible + to prevent federal intervention?

A
  • gerrymandered election districts
  • abolished elective posts
  • created complicated voting procedures
    (GAC)
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37
Q

What was the Eight Box Law of 1882?

A
  • SC law that required a separate ballot box for each contested post
  • secret ballot made voting more difficult for illiterates
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38
Q

What became a common phenomenon in Southern state elections once these policies were put into place?

A

Fraud

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39
Q

What was the popular opinion of white southerners about the suffrage privileges given to blacks?

A
  • didn’t like any black political participation whatsoever
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40
Q

Why were white southerners concerned with blacks being able to vote even after all the repressive voting measures they took?

A
  • blacks still voting in large #s
  • Republicans still formidable in elections
  • disaffected whites were abandoning Democrats for independent 3rd party
  • independent whites + Republican blacks could team up to take out Democrats from power
    (BRDI)
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41
Q

What action did the state of Mississippi take to repress the black vote even more?

A
  • adopted new constitution that required voters to be able to read any portion of it
  • plummeted # of black voters in the state
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42
Q

What did the federal government do about the laws implemented by Mississippi + what was its effect?

A
  • allowed it to continue

- decision encouraged other states to take similar action

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43
Q

What event in 1892 gave hope to African Americans?

A
  • formation of the Populist Party
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44
Q

What were the beliefs of the Populists surrounding treatment of African Americans + their main stance?

A
  • denounced lynch law + called for Negro rights defense
    (DN)
  • felt blacks/whites shared same economic problems so must work together
45
Q

What was the makeup of the Populist Party + who did they align w/ in most cases?

A
  • poor white farmers that left Democrats

- teamed up w/ Republicans in some states to create “Fusion” against Dems.

46
Q

What was the result of the coalition between the Republican Party/Populist Party in the 1894 elections in North Carolina?

A
  • swept Dems. from power
47
Q

What policies did the Fusion North Carolina government put in place + what was its effect on the black population?

A
  • made state election laws simpler + eliminated fraud

- resulted in more blacks elected to office than in any other state

48
Q

What was difference between Fusion government vs Radical Reconstruction?

A
  • not imposed by North

- homegrown experiment of biracial democracy
NH

49
Q

What actions did the Democrats take to prevent the Fusion government in North Carolina from becoming a model for all other southern states to follow?

A
  • black fear propaganda - would take over gov.

- intimidation + fraud + violence in southern states to prevent Populist gains
BI

50
Q

What was the effect of the Democrats suppression tactics against the Fusion government system?

A
  • Populist Party basically over by 1896
51
Q

What actions did North Carolina democrats take in 1898 to ensure the Fusion government wouldn’t win reelection?

A
  • quasi-military campaign (Red Shirts)

- black man rape scare propaganda
QB

52
Q

Who was Rebecca Felton + what did she say that painted African Americans in a negative light?

A
  • called on white men to protect white women from “black rapists”
53
Q

What was the impact Alex Manly’s editorial in Wilmington?

A
  • editorial said white women choose to be w/ black men consensually + sometimes over white men
  • white Democrats called for rally in Wilmington
  • Dem. leaders called on whites to kill Manly + other blacks
    (EWD)
54
Q

What was the result of the violent cries being made by the Democratic Party in North Carolina when it came time to vote?

A
  • force tactics worked
  • Dems. reclaimed control of NC
  • successfully disenfranchised black vote
  • Populists/Republicans shut out
    (FDSP)
55
Q

What happened in Wilmington following the results of the 1898 elections?

A
  • Red Shirts began seizing public buildings
  • Dems. forced mayor + police chief + city council to resign
  • attacked black community/ran them out of town - many moved North to never return
  • Wilmington Press office burned down
    (RDAW)
56
Q

What were some reasons that people felt the Fusion government system was bound to fail?

A
  • blacks were suspicious of populists - didn’t fully back racial equality
  • populists - embraced Republican ideals reluctantly
  • some populists supported disenfranchisement (frustrated b/c not getting enough black support + by Dem. success in Black Belt)
    (BPS)
57
Q

Which demographic helped lead the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South the most?

A
  • wealthy educated Black Belt whites
58
Q

What was the response by the federal government when the Wilmington mayor asked for assistance from troops to calm the riots?

A
  • fed. gov. declined to intervene
59
Q

How had the ideology of the Republican Party changed from the end of Reconstruction to 1900?

A
  • made only token gestures to racial equality post Reconstruction
  • became comfortable backing white supremacy by 1900
60
Q

What overshadowed black equality on the Republican Party agenda during the late 19th century?

A
  • national power: to fix tariffs + subsidize railroads + curb labor unions + protect big business
    (FSCP)
  • to control new industrial society
61
Q

Why was the South seen as unimportant + thus blacks as no longer important to the Republican Party in the late 19th century?

A
  • South was very poor + not very industrialized

- made their issues secondary in Republican eyes

62
Q

What ideology among mostly Northern white Republicans had been adopted that made support for black equality fall even lower?

A
  • lost faith that blacks could be equals w/ whites
63
Q

What caused the ideals of abolitionists/Republicans to switch to no longer believing in African Americans being equal to whites?

A
  • questioned how if new Euro immigrants are “inferior whites” how could blacks ever be equal
64
Q

How did the emerging immigrant population feel about African Americans?

A
  • highly disliked blacks
  • saw them as economic competition for jobs
  • adopted anti-Black prejudices
  • prefer blacks stay in South away from industrial North
    (HSAP)
65
Q

Why did Republicans have a more favorable view of immigrants than blacks by this point?

A
  • were larger proportion of Northern vote than blacks

- reason why Republicans didn’t advocate for blacks to move up North (to keep immigrants happy)

66
Q

How was the situation of the Northern black population at this period of disenfranchisement in the South?

A
  • could vote but highly segregated society

- black ghettos forming + school segregation growing + labor unions excluded blacks majority time
BSL

67
Q

What large social change had occurred during the last two decades of the 19th century + examples?

A
  • white hostility towards POCs reignited
  • (1882) Congress bans all Chinese immigration due to Cali hate
  • (1907) Japanese immigration ban
68
Q

How did the national spread of racism affect subjects such as the sciences + what was its effect?

A
  • fake scientific racial hierarchies created (whites at top blacks at bottom)
  • “race suicide” scare - Euro immigrants making more children than “real Americans”
    (FR)
  • caused Northerners to buy in more to Southern racial hate
69
Q

What did Southern white leaders do to help the spread of racist ideology to the North?

A

propaganda - spread lies about “positives” of slavery

70
Q

What were examples of some of the fake propaganda being spread across the North about slavery?

A
  • “treated slaves like family”
  • “made them civilized/religious”
  • “saved them from Africa”
  • “emancipation had led to blacks’ regression”
    (TMSE)
71
Q

How did sectional reconciliation play a part in Northern acceptance of unfair treatment of African Americans?

A
  • if North left South alone in race issues, regional tension would stop
  • peace would come to the South
  • blacks accept place as inferiors
  • Northern industrialization would be welcomed by South
    (IPBN)
72
Q

How would disenfranchisement of blacks actually help the Republican Party in the long run?

A
  • remove race as an issue in Southern election runs

- could take some white votes away from Dems. since they no longer have “Negro Party” label
RC

73
Q

By 1900 what was the popular view among whites about Radical Reconstruction?

A
  • it was a terrible mistake
74
Q

How was the US acquisition of the Philippines in 1898 help white Southerners further dehumanize/restrict influence of blacks?

A
  • Pres. McKinley denies Filipinos self-gov. - deemed a “backwards race”
  • Senator Tillman calls out hypocrisy of Republicans
  • “Republicans understand Southern POV after being exposed to ‘inferior’ race overseas”
  • said who better to govern “inferior race” of blacks than Southern whites (know them best)
  • blacks can’t improve on their own - need white supervision
    (PSRSB)
75
Q

What was the case of Plessy v Ferguson?

A
  • Louisiana creoles challenged separate railroad car laws

- Court upheld segregation

76
Q

What was the impact of the decision made in Plessy v Ferguson?

A
  • denied that forced segregation is discriminatory to blacks

- implied racial segregation was the natural course

77
Q

What was the argument being made in favor of the decision of Plessy v Ferguson?

A
  • 14th Amendment - didn’t say races must “interact”

- if one race is socially inferior than the Constitution can’t make them equal

78
Q

What was the Southern loophole around the 15th amendment to restrict black men from being able to vote w/o breaking the Constitution?

A
  • literacy tests + residency requirements + property qualifications + poll taxes + Constitution tests
    (LRPPC)
  • these technically never mentioned race as inhibitor
79
Q

By 1910 what had become of both the Democratic/Republican Party after the total disenfranchisement of black voting?

A

Dems. - had one party rule in most states (dominant)

Rep. - heavily weakened by no black votes + little in terms of national power

80
Q

What had become of the Populist Party by 1910 + why did this occur?

A
  • disintegrated completely
  • some populists endorsed disenfranchisement to gain white support
  • most populist supporters couldn’t pass voter restriction tests
81
Q

What happened to the electorate as a result of the voting restrictions put in place in the South?

A
  • Dem. dominance heavily decreased national participation
  • why pay poll tax when you know Dems. already gonna win
  • small minority of white elite voted
82
Q

What did a lack of political competition during this period of voting suppression do to the Democratic Party + politics overall?

A
  • factionalism in party (new demagogues)
  • demagogues - extremely racist Dem. politicians spewing black hate for votes in South
  • white supremacy only belief holding Dems. together
83
Q

How did disenfranchisement both secure white supremacy in the South + strengthen it nationally?

A
  • Reps. had no incentive/means to challenge Dems. in the South w/ no black voting
84
Q

How did disenfranchisement magnify the effect of Democratic one party rule?

A
  • enhanced political longevity of Southern congressman
  • gave Southern congressman seniority/influence
  • Southerners controlled key gov. committees
  • thru procedural rule had complete legislative control
    (EGST)
85
Q

How was the rise in racial segregation among African Americans seen from different perspectives other than by force?

A
  • blacks were already highly segregated during Reconstruction
  • racial segregation > complete exclusion = better to have segregated schools than none
  • black Southerns sometimes chose segregation voluntarily (church/social clubs)
    (BRB)
86
Q

What was the structure of segregation during the 1870s/1880s?

A
  • segregation more custom than actual law
87
Q

What important changes were made involving segregation in the 1890s?

A
  1. extended to public transportation (humiliating)

2. official Jim Crow laws were codified across South
EO

88
Q

How has the view over the main advocates for segregation evolved as it’s been studied more?

A
  • historically thought they were poor whites
  • now people suspect progressives (middle class) actually main advocates
  • progressives viewed segregation as solution to racial conflict in South
89
Q

How did Jim Crow laws represent a change in white attitudes?

A
  • “color line” became official social structure of new South
  • imposed on unwilling blacks by white majority
  • not a mutual separate but equal compromise
    (CIN)
90
Q

What was the political role that segregation played in the joining together of southerners?

A
  • united across faith + smoothed political differences

US

91
Q

What were the three main racial views shared by the majority of the white population during the Jim Crow era?

A
  1. segregation
  2. disenfranchisement
  3. no interracial marriage
    (SDN)
92
Q

Who would be the last Southern black congressman for the next 70 years after 1901?

A
  • George H. White (NC)
93
Q

What were the three ways that blacks responded to the establishment of white supremacy in the South?

A
  1. left the South
  2. protest
  3. accommodationism
    (LPA)
94
Q

Why did many African Americans not migrate to the North in search of better opportunities?

A
  • most had no industrial skills needed to work up North
  • Northern industries/labor unions mostly excluded blacks anyway
  • expensive
  • have all family/roots in the South
    (MNEH)
95
Q

What were some events that involved the migration of blacks to the West?

A
  • Kansas Fever (1879) - lured thousands from LA + MI

- Oklahoma (1910
KO)

96
Q

What were some forms of protest that African Americans practiced against white supremacy + why weren’t they successful?

A
  • indignation meetings
  • equal rights leagues
  • filed discrimination lawsuits
  • boycotted public transport segregation
    (IEFB)
97
Q

What were the views by blacks of the Republican Party in the early 20th century?

A
  • felt they’d betrayed blacks

- threw away words of Frederick Douglas to support Republicans
FT

98
Q

Who founded the Afro-American League + what was its function?

A
  • Thomas Fortune

- unite blacks against injustice + promote black economic/educational progress
UP

99
Q

What were some of the positions taken by the Afro-American League?

A
  • lynching/mob violence
  • unequal schooling
  • railroad discrimination
  • black jury exclusion
  • harsh treatment of black prisoners in South
    (LURBH)
100
Q

What was the radical idea that Fortune was willing to push to help the position of African Americans?

A
  • support Democratic candidates
101
Q

Why did the Afro-League ultimately fail?

A
  • JC Price (president) died young
  • Fortune lacked temperament to be good leader
  • competing organizations (ACERA + NCRA)
102
Q

Why was black unity against racial legislation so hard to organize in the early 20th century?

A
  • had no true political allies (Republicans/Populists couldn’t be trusted
  • protesting did nothing
    (HP)
103
Q

What were the beliefs of the accommodationists in the Jim Crow South?

A
  • blacks should accept conditions + make most of it
  • politics had failed blacks so instead should focus energy on self-improvement
  • blacks could learn many skills w/o right to vote
  • should make peace w/ Southern whites not demonize them
    (BPBS)
104
Q

Who were the main supporting black demographic of the accommodationist stance why did they support it?

A
  • black middle class
  • expected to gain most by concentrating on wealth accumulation
  • get knowledge get money get land
105
Q

Who were the biggest supporters for accommodationist beliefs in the black community + for what reasons?

A

teachers - dependent on Southern whites for funding since federal gov. gave none (made sure not to upset them)

ministers - some were past Rep. leaders who gave up

106
Q

What was the most important institution in the black community during the early 20th century?

A

the Church

107
Q

What were some of the prejudice remarks made by black ministers in support of accommodationism?

A
  • segregation is lesson in humility to blacks
  • blacks fail to lead moral lives so they can’t adjust
  • moral improvement would eventually eliminate white prejudice
    (SBM)
108
Q

Why did the division between accommodationists vs protestors w/in the black community begin to grow after 1895?

A
  • continued decline in the status of blacks

- evoked more intense protest measures + increased efforts by acc. to make peace w/ white Southerners
EI

HIST 301: African American History (14 decks)

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