Basics

Question 1

Classify bones (6)

Acronym?

Answer 1

• long bones
• flat bones
• short bones
• irregular bones
• pneumatized bones
• sesamoid bones

L F S I P S
Lazy Frogs Sleep In Ponds Sometimes.

Question 2

What are the characteristics of long bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 2

• epiphysis, diaphysis
• grow in one direction
• 3 layers:
  
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone (trabecules)
  • medullary cavity
• ex: humerus, femur

Question 3

What are the characteristics of flat bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 3

• grow in 2 directions
• layers:
  
  • ext. lamina
  • diplöe
  • int. lamina
• ex: scapula, calvaria

Question 4

What are the characteristics of short bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 4

• spongy bone surrounded by compact bone (no medullary cavity! → no hematopoiesis)
• ex: carpus, tarsus

Question 5

What are the characteristics of irregular bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 5

• belong to no other group
• ex: vertebra, sacrum

Question 6

What are the characteristics of pneumatized bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 6

• contain air-filled spaces
• ex: maxilla, sphenoid

Question 7

What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones?

Name 2 examples.

Answer 7

• small bones embedded in tendon / muscle
• act as pulley, smooth surface for muscle to slide over
• ex: patella

Question 8

What is a common feature of all bones?

Describe it.

Answer 8

periosteum

• 2 layers:
  
  • fibrous layer
  • osteogenetic layer
• contains blood vessels

Question 9

What are nutrient foramina?

Answer 9

holes that allow passage of vessels & nerves into bones

Question 10

What is the difference btw origin and insertion?

Answer 10

• origin = proximal
• insertion = distal

Question 11

What is the general structure of a muscle?

Answer 11

tendons + belly

Question 12

Classify somatic muscles according to their tendons/bellies (7)

Answer 12

• fusiform
• uni-, bi-, mulitpennated
• mutli-bellied
• multi-headed
• convergent

Question 13

What are the characteristics of fusiform muscle?

Name an example

Answer 13

• parallel fibers
• spindle-shaped
• ex: m. pronator teres

Question 14

What are the characteristics of unipennated muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 14

• long tendon
• large cross-section → more power
• ex: mm. peronei

Question 15

What are the characteristics of bipennated muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 15

• similar to unipennate but with fibers on both sides
• ex: m. rectus femoris

Question 16

What are the characteristics of multipennated muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 16

• see unipennated
• ex: m. deltoideus

Question 17

What are the characteristics of multi-headed muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 17

• mulitple origins, one insertion
• ex: m. biceps femoris

Question 18

What are the characteristics of multi-bellied muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 18

• seperated by intermediate tendons
• ex: rectus abdominis

Question 19

What are the characteristics of convergent muscle?

Name an example.

Answer 19

• broud origin, small insertion
• ex: m. trapezius

Question 20

Classify somatic muscles according to the number of joints they extend over? (3)

Name examples.

Answer 20

• uniarticular (ex: brachioradialis)
• biarticular (ex: m. sartorius)
• multiarticular (ex: m. flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 21

What are agonists, synergists and antagonists?

Answer 21

• agonist = acting muscle
• synergist = supports acting muscle
• protagonist = produces opposing movements

Question 22

Differentiate btw active moving and passive halting.

Answer 22

• active moving = m. biceps brachii flexes arm
• passive halting = m. biceps brachii passively halts extension caused by m. triceps brachii