Basic Science Concepts Flashcards
Chapter 2
What is the Central Nervous System made up of and how does it work?
- CNS = Brain and Spine that send signals to the Peripheral Nervous System [PNS]
- PNS = Somatic NS which is voluntary & Autonomic NS is involuntary
What are Neurotransmitter?
- Chemical Messengers that carry signals in the body
What are some of the Common Neurotransmitter in the body>
- Acetylcholine
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
Where is Ach mainly used at?
- Within Somatic NS; released by Nicotinic Receptors in Skeletal Mucsle
What are the two pathways of the Autonomic NS?
- Parasympathetic NS
- Sympathetic NS
What is the Parasympathetic NS and how does it wouk?
- “Rest & Digest”
- Releasing Ach that bind to muscarinc receptors in the body
- Causes SLUDD
What is SLUDD within the Parasympathethic NS?
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urinatoin
- Defection
- Digestion
What is the Sympathetic NS and how does it work?
- “Fight or Flight”
- Releasing Epi and NE that binds to Beta-1, -2, Alpha-1 receptors
- Causing Increased BP, HR, Bronchodilation
What can Substrates be?
- Endogenous [from self]
- Exogenous [outside self]
What is the difference between Agonist and Antagonist
- Agoinst [activate]
- Antagonist [inhibit]
What aer the Two types of interactions of Antagonists?
- Competitive [binds at the site]
- Noncompetitive [binds at a place other than the site]
What are some of the common receptors and there substrates
- Muscarinic — Ach
- Nicotine — Ach
- Alpha-1[Preripheral] — Epi, NE
- Alpha-2 [Brain] — Epi, NE
- Beta-1 [Heart] — Epi, NE
- Beta-2 [Lung] — Epi
- Dopamine — Dop
- Serotonin — Serotonin
What are Enzymes
- compounds that speed up a reaction
MAO are a good example of Enzymes [breaking down catecholamines in teh pathyway]
What are some of the common enzymes?
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Angiotension-Converting Enzyme
- Catechol-O-Methylransferase
- Cyclooxygenase
- Monoamine Oxidase
- Phophodiesterase
- Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase
- Xanthine Oxidase
What is the Endogenous Effect of Acetylcholinesterase?
- Break down Ach
What is the Endogenous Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme?
- Blocks Ang I to Ang II
What is the Endogenous Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase?
- Breaks down Levodopa
What is the Endogenous Effect of Cyclooxygenase?
- Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin and Tromboxane A2 [causes inflammation and platelet aggregation]
What is the Endogenous Effect of Monoamine Oxidase?
- Breaks down Catecholamines [Epi, NE, Dopa…]
What is the Endogenous Effect of Phosphodiesterase?
- Breaks down cGMP [smooth muscle relaxant]
What is the Endogenous Effect of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase?
- Makes Vitamin K into its active form [blood clotting]
What is the Endogenous Effect of Xanthine Oxidase?
- Breaks down hypoxanthine into xanthine then into uric acid [allopurinol stops this]
What is this Structure
- Hydroxyl or Alcohol
What is this Structure
- Ketone
What is this Structure
- Aldehyde
What is this Structure
- Amide
What is this Structure
- Nitrate
What is this Structure
- Nitro
What is this Structure
- Aromatic [Benzene Ring]
What is this Structure
- Urea
What is this Structure
- Carbonate
What is this Structure
- Carbamate
What is this Structure
- Ester
What is this Structure
- Thioether
What is this Structure
- Carboxyl
What is this Structure
- Phenol
What is this Structure
- Imide
What is this Structure
- Sulfonamide
What is this Structure
- Amine [Primary]
What is this Structure
- Amine [Tertiary]
What is this Structure
- Imine
What is this Structure
- Amidine
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Amoxicillin
- Beta-Lactam, Penicillin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Ceftriaxone
- Beta-Lactam, Cephalosporin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 6-sided Ring]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Ertapenem
- Beta-Latacm, Carbapenem [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Aztreonam
- Monobactam [1 Lactam ring]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Gentamicin
- Aminoglycoside [has amine and sugar groups]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Sulfonamide ABX [has sulfoamide group]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Aspirin
- Salicylate NSAID [Acidic and Carboxyl group]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Ibuprofen
- NSAID [carboxyl group]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Amphetamine
- Stimulant [has amine group]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Levothyroxine
- T4 [contain Iodine; 4 for T4 and 3 for T3]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Aminodarone
- Class III antiarrhythmic [2 Iodines]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Fenofibrate
- Fibrate [for cholesterol - contains ketone group]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Amitriptyline
- TCA [3 rings]
What is this Essential Drug Structure and what is important about it?
- Chlorpromazine
- Antipsych [thioether group]
What is Stability?
- how the product remains during a time peroid of storage use
What are the 3 types of degradatin?
- RedOx
- Hydrolysis
- Photolysis
What is Oxidation/Reduction
- Red [gain electrons] & Ox [loss electrions]
- Most common Oxidation occurs with hydroxyl groups
Some compounds change color when oxidized [Epi becomes yellowish/orange]
What are some way to Prevent Oxidation or Reduction?
- Light Protections [Amber vials], Temperature Control, Antioxidants [ascorbic acids], Chelating Agents [EDTA], pH Control [using a buffer]
What is Hydrolysis
- When water causes a cleavge of a bond
- Most commonly with Esters, Amides, Lactams
What is Photolysis
- UV light exposure that causes degradation
- Prevented with light protection
- Ascorbic Acid, Nitropruside, Phytonadione are sensitive to light
