Basic Science Concepts Flashcards
Chapter 2
1
Q
What is the Central Nervous System made up of and how does it work?
A
- CNS = Brain and Spine that send signals to the Peripheral Nervous System [PNS]
- PNS = Somatic NS which is voluntary & Autonomic NS is involuntary
2
Q
What are Neurotransmitter?
A
- Chemical Messengers that carry signals in the body
3
Q
What are some of the Common Neurotransmitter in the body>
A
- Acetylcholine
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
4
Q
Where is Ach mainly used at?
A
- Within Somatic NS; released by Nicotinic Receptors in Skeletal Mucsle
5
Q
What are the two pathways of the Autonomic NS?
A
- Parasympathetic NS
- Sympathetic NS
6
Q
What is the Parasympathetic NS and how does it wouk?
A
- “Rest & Digest”
- Releasing Ach that bind to muscarinc receptors in the body
- Causes SLUDD
7
Q
What is SLUDD within the Parasympathethic NS?
A
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urinatoin
- Defection
- Digestion
8
Q
What is the Sympathetic NS and how does it work?
A
- “Fight or Flight”
- Releasing Epi and NE that binds to Beta-1, -2, Alpha-1 receptors
- Causing Increased BP, HR, Bronchodilation
9
Q
What can Substrates be?
A
- Endogenous [from self]
- Exogenous [outside self]
10
Q
What is the difference between Agonist and Antagonist
A
- Agoinst [activate]
- Antagonist [inhibit]
11
Q
What aer the Two types of interactions of Antagonists?
A
- Competitive [binds at the site]
- Noncompetitive [binds at a place other than the site]
12
Q
What are some of the common receptors and there substrates
A
- Muscarinic — Ach
- Nicotine — Ach
- Alpha-1[Preripheral] — Epi, NE
- Alpha-2 [Brain] — Epi, NE
- Beta-1 [Heart] — Epi, NE
- Beta-2 [Lung] — Epi
- Dopamine — Dop
- Serotonin — Serotonin
13
Q
What are Enzymes
A
- compounds that speed up a reaction
MAO are a good example of Enzymes [breaking down catecholamines in teh pathyway]
14
Q
What are some of the common enzymes?
A
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Angiotension-Converting Enzyme
- Catechol-O-Methylransferase
- Cyclooxygenase
- Monoamine Oxidase
- Phophodiesterase
- Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase
- Xanthine Oxidase
15
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Acetylcholinesterase?
A
- Break down Ach
16
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme?
A
- Blocks Ang I to Ang II
17
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase?
A
- Breaks down Levodopa
18
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Cyclooxygenase?
A
- Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin and Tromboxane A2 [causes inflammation and platelet aggregation]
19
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Monoamine Oxidase?
A
- Breaks down Catecholamines [Epi, NE, Dopa…]
20
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Phosphodiesterase?
A
- Breaks down cGMP [smooth muscle relaxant]
21
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase?
A
- Makes Vitamin K into its active form [blood clotting]
22
Q
What is the Endogenous Effect of Xanthine Oxidase?
A
- Breaks down hypoxanthine into xanthine then into uric acid [allopurinol stops this]
23
Q
What is this Structure
A
- Hydroxyl or Alcohol
24
Q
What is this Structure
A
- Ketone
25
What is this Structure
- Aldehyde
26
What is this Structure
- Amide
27
What is this Structure
- Nitrate
28
What is this Structure
- Nitro
29
What is this Structure
- Aromatic [Benzene Ring]
30
What is this Structure
- Urea
31
What is this Structure
- Carbonate
32
What is this Structure
- Carbamate
33
What is this Structure
- Ester
34
What is this Structure
- Thioether
35
What is this Structure
- Carboxyl
36
What is this Structure
- Phenol
37
What is this Structure
- Imide
38
What is this Structure
- Sulfonamide
39
What is this Structure
- Amine [Primary]
40
What is this Structure
- Amine [Tertiary]
41
What is this Structure
- Imine
42
What is this Structure
- Amidine
43
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amoxicillin
- Beta-Lactam, Penicillin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
44
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ceftriaxone
- Beta-Lactam, Cephalosporin [Beta-Lactam Ring with 6-sided Ring]
45
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ertapenem
- Beta-Latacm, Carbapenem [Beta-Lactam Ring with 5-sided ring]
46
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aztreonam
- Monobactam [1 Lactam ring]
47
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Gentamicin
- Aminoglycoside [has amine and sugar groups]
48
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Sulfonamide ABX [has sulfoamide group]
48
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aspirin
- Salicylate NSAID [Acidic and Carboxyl group]
49
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Ibuprofen
- NSAID [carboxyl group]
50
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amphetamine
- Stimulant [has amine group]
51
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Levothyroxine
- T4 [contain Iodine; 4 for T4 and 3 for T3]
52
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Aminodarone
- Class III antiarrhythmic [2 Iodines]
53
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Fenofibrate
- Fibrate [for cholesterol - contains ketone group]
54
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Amitriptyline
- TCA [3 rings]
55
What is this **Essential Drug Structure** and what is important about it?
- Chlorpromazine
- Antipsych [thioether group]
56
What is **Stability**?
- how the product remains during a time peroid of storage use
57
What are the **3 types** of degradatin?
- RedOx
- Hydrolysis
- Photolysis
58
What is **Oxidation/Reduction**
- **Red** [gain electrons] & **Ox** [loss electrions]
- Most common Oxidation occurs with **hydroxyl** groups
## Footnote
Some compounds change color when oxidized [Epi becomes yellowish/orange]
59
59
What are some way to **Prevent Oxidation or Reduction**?
- **Light Protections** [Amber vials], **Temperature Control, Antioxidants** [ascorbic acids], Chelating Agents [EDTA], pH Control [using a buffer]
60
What is **Hydrolysis**
- When water causes a cleavge of a bond
- Most commonly with **Esters, Amides, Lactams**
61
What is **Photolysis**
- UV light exposure that causes degradation
- Prevented with light protection
- **Ascorbic Acid, Nitropruside, Phytonadione** are sensitive to light
