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Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the key transcription factors for cell signaling

A

SOX9-Cartilage

Mohawk-MKK-tendon

SATB2 osteoblasts

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2
Q

what is the CREST syndrome anti-body?

A
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3
Q

what is the basic science background regarding scleroderma?

A
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4
Q

How does the mechanism of Rifampin affect Gene transcription?

A

Binds to mRNA, which is the first step in gene transcription

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5
Q

what is the 16s ribosomal RNA

A
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6
Q

what is a gene?

Codon?

Exon?

Intron?

A
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7
Q

what is the relationship between systemic lupus and SNRMPS?

A
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8
Q

what is the relationship between fascioscapohumeral muscular dystropy?

A

Activated junk DNA

Bilateral winging

inability to whistle

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9
Q

Define Genotype, phenotype, karyotype

A
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10
Q

what are the two types of mutations?

A
  1. Suppressor Gene
  2. Activating mutation

Fibrous Dysplasia/Mccune-Albright

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11
Q

Describe the basic science behind Fibrous Dysplasia:

A

Activation mutation of GNAS1

causing sustained adenylate cyclase causing increase cAMP.

post zygotic somatic mutation

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12
Q

what is mosaicism and give clinical examples

A

two genotypes in the same organism

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13
Q

what is the basic science behind neurofibromatosis?

A

mutation in a supressor gene

turns off neurofibromin

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14
Q

Describe the difference between the two types of diseases with cafe-au-lait spots?

A
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15
Q

What is a mendelian disorder?

A

a single gene disorder

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16
Q

List the autosomal dominant structural protein disorder diseases:

A
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17
Q

List of autosomal recessive enzymatic gene defect diseases

A
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18
Q

List of x-linked recessive gene disorders

A
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19
Q

What is an x-linked dominant disease, and give an example of it:

A
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20
Q

what is the carter effect?

A
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21
Q

what are down syndrome ortho issues?

A
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22
Q

what is unlucky thirteen and its relationship to multiple myeloma?

A
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23
Q

Multiple myeloma equals round delections…..

why?

A
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24
Q

what is the the chromosomal deletion for prader-willi syndrome and what is it relationship to maternal imprinting?

A
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25
Describe in more detail Genetic imprinting:
26
what is the chromosomal translocation for Ewing's Sarcoma?
27
what are the ortho examples of chromosomal translocations?
28
where do the mesenchymal stem cells originate from?
29
what are the cell-cell proteins involved in limb formation?
30
Characterize the BMP protein
31
what are the therapeutic uses of BMP?
32
what is FOP?
33
what are the limb bud growth factors?
34
what is the clinical relevance of WNT?
Dorsal ventral formation nail patella syndrome osteoblast precursor adult bone homeostasis
35
Describe the WNT/ Beta-catenin canonical pathway:
36
what are two types of bone formation?
37
Describe the basics of intramembranous ossification
In intramembraneous ossification, MSC cells form bone directly High early WNT signaling first favors osteoblasts RUNX increased SOX-9 decreased No cartilage model/ Woven bone
38
What are some orthopedic situations where intramembranous ossification occurs?
39
What is the clinical signficance of the clavicle as it relates to bone formation?
first bone to form in the fetus last to ossify intramembranous ossification
40
what is a clinical example of poor intramembranous ossification?
Cleidocranial Dysplasia RUNX/CBFA1 Core Binding Factor 1
41
what are the clinical manifestions of cleidocranial dysplasia?
42
List the diseases associated with "Wormian Bones" PORKCHOPS
43
what are the early signaling compnents that lead to endochondral ossification?
low early WNT signaling favors cartilage Increased SOX-9 RUNX-2 decreased Later WNT increases
44
Describe the steps for enchondral bone formation
MSCs first form cartilage CARTILAGE MODEL Osteoblasts form perichondrium Cartilage replaced by bone
45
what are some clinical examples of enchondral ossification?
Growth plates fracture repair (secondary healing) Heterotopic ossification synovial osteochondromatosis
46
LEARN this SCHEMATIC!
47
What are some clinical examples of Trisomy 21?
48
what are some genetic causes for short limbs?
FGF- dwarfish
49
What are the key points about fibroblast growth Factor Receptor?
50
Describe the function of the hedgehogs:
51
Does high SHH production cause radial or ulnar development?
Ulnar
52
How does fibular hemimelia relate to Sonic the Hedgehog?
53
How do you characterize tibial bowing?
54
what does indian Hedgehog do?
55
what is the mechanism of action for PCN?
PCN inhibits petidoglycan synthesis
56
What are the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
PCN Cephalosporins Vancomycin Bacitracin Aztreonam Imipenem beta-lactams bind to surface of cell membrane
57
What antibiotics increase cell membrane permeability?
Polymixin Nystatin-antifungal Amphotericin-antifungal
58
What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal RNA? bacteriostatic
Aminoglycosides clindamycin erythromycin tetracycline
59
What antibiotics are bacteriocidal and bind to 30S subunit ,misread messenger RNA?
Gentamycin Streptomycin tobramycin amikacin neomycin
60
What is the mechanism of Rifampin ?
Inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria
61
what is the mechanism of action of quinolones
inhibit DNA gyrase associated with tendon ruptures
62
list some common complications associated with specific antibiotic usage:
aminoglycosides: ears and kidneys tetracycline-teeth staining cephalosporins- good in ortho clindamycin-highest bone concentrations cipro- tendon ruptures imipenem- seizures
63
what does warfarin do?
affects vitamin k metabolism in the liver, limiting the production of factors 2,7,9,10 and proteins C and S inhibits vitamin K dependent proteins from being carboxylated Intrinsic pathway
64
What does heparin do?
Enhances the ability of anti-thrombin (AT-III) to inhibit factors IIA, 9A, 10A. extrinsic pathway PTT
65
What is the mechanism of Aspirin?
Inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis by irreversible binding COX in platelets and blocking platelet aggregation
66
What is the mechanism of Lovenox?
Complexes formed between AT-III and factors IIa, Xa.
67
What is the mechanism of action of LMWH?
inhibit factors Xa and IIa.
68
What are the three anticoagulation pathways?
Heparin--AT-III Protein C-thrombomodulin-protein S Tissue factor inhibitor
69
what is von willebrand factor?
promotes platelet binding to vessel walls; carrier for factor VIII treat deficiency with cryoprecipitate and desmopresin
70
What are potentiators of coumadin?
Flagyl erythromycin aspirin sulfa bactrim heaprain septa dylantin
71
Free Body analysis: M=Fx(torque moment) F= mass x acceleration
hip free body diagram Body weight down x moment length= abductor moment are x abductor weight
72
describe the piezoelectric effect
concave compression side is electronegative convex tension is electropositive
73
What factors increase rigidity of external fixators:
Bone to Bone contact (most important) Larger diameter pins Additional pins Decreased bone-rod distance (closer to leg) increased mass of rods (stack the rods) increase space between pins circular fixators
74
List the biomechanical implants in Youngs Modulus order: Highest to lowest
Ceramic cobalt chrome stainless steel Titanium Cortical bone polymethylmethacrylate Cement Poly Implant Cancellous bone tendon ligaments cartilage
75
what is the definition of toughness
resistance to fracture
76
What is the modulus of elasticity definition?
linear relationship between applied stress and resultant deformation
77
what is the elastic limit?
biomechanical point at which strain is no longer recoverable
78
What is a yield strength?
amount of stress necessary to produce a specific amount of permanent deformation, usually .2%
79
what is ultimate strength?
maximum strength obtained to failure
80
what is the elastic linear region?
proportional strain to stress applied...until yield point.
81
what is the plastic region?
curve past yield point in which stress is not reversible
82
does a brittle material have a large or small elastic region? what about ductile
small plastic curve large plstic curve
83
what is fatigue failure?
number of cycles to material failure at a specific stress level
84
Define endurance limit:
stress level at which a materaila can be cyclically loaded an infinite number of times withou failing.
85
what is the paronychia trilogy?
Herpetic whitlow candida albicans streph-acute bacteria
86
what are the flesh-eating bacteria?
Group A Strep with exotoxin Vibrio Vulnificus-seawater Aeromonas Hydrophilia-freshwaster
87
what are the common skin, fascia and muscle infections with the associated bugs?
88
review the soft tissue infection flow diagram from NEJM:
89
What is the most common bacteria for orthopedic Infections?
90
what gene is associate with MRSA?
MEC-A gene codes for penicillin binding protein 2a transmitted by horizontal gene transfer plasmids, bacteriophages drug of choice is Vanco.
91
what is the difference between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA?
92
What are the guidelines for stopping Rheumatoid medications prior to arthroplasty surgery?
93
What is the mechanism of TXA?
blocks the formation of plasmin decrease clots dissolving
94
what Upregulates RANKL and downregulates OPG? increases bone resorption/destruction
Parathyroid hormone Activated Vitamin D Il-1N TNF-A PGE2
95
what down regulates RANKL and upregulates OPG? decreases bone destruction
IL-4 TNF-B Interferon N gamma
96
what transcription factors are associated with Tendon, Bone and Cartilage?
Mohwawk MKK- Tendon SOX9-Cartilage

Frank Review Course (34 decks)

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