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Frank Review Course > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the key transcription factors for cell signaling

A

SOX9-Cartilage

Mohawk-MKK-tendon

SATB2 osteoblasts

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2
Q

what is the CREST syndrome anti-body?

A
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3
Q

what is the basic science background regarding scleroderma?

A
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4
Q

How does the mechanism of Rifampin affect Gene transcription?

A

Binds to mRNA, which is the first step in gene transcription

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5
Q

what is the 16s ribosomal RNA

A
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6
Q

what is a gene?

Codon?

Exon?

Intron?

A
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7
Q

what is the relationship between systemic lupus and SNRMPS?

A
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8
Q

what is the relationship between fascioscapohumeral muscular dystropy?

A

Activated junk DNA

Bilateral winging

inability to whistle

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9
Q

Define Genotype, phenotype, karyotype

A
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10
Q

what are the two types of mutations?

A
  1. Suppressor Gene
  2. Activating mutation

Fibrous Dysplasia/Mccune-Albright

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11
Q

Describe the basic science behind Fibrous Dysplasia:

A

Activation mutation of GNAS1

causing sustained adenylate cyclase causing increase cAMP.

post zygotic somatic mutation

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12
Q

what is mosaicism and give clinical examples

A

two genotypes in the same organism

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13
Q

what is the basic science behind neurofibromatosis?

A

mutation in a supressor gene

turns off neurofibromin

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14
Q

Describe the difference between the two types of diseases with cafe-au-lait spots?

A
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15
Q

What is a mendelian disorder?

A

a single gene disorder

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16
Q

List the autosomal dominant structural protein disorder diseases:

A
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17
Q

List of autosomal recessive enzymatic gene defect diseases

A
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18
Q

List of x-linked recessive gene disorders

A
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19
Q

What is an x-linked dominant disease, and give an example of it:

A
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20
Q

what is the carter effect?

A
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21
Q

what are down syndrome ortho issues?

A
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22
Q

what is unlucky thirteen and its relationship to multiple myeloma?

A
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23
Q

Multiple myeloma equals round delections…..

why?

A
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24
Q

what is the the chromosomal deletion for prader-willi syndrome and what is it relationship to maternal imprinting?

A
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25
Q

Describe in more detail Genetic imprinting:

A
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26
Q

what is the chromosomal translocation for Ewing’s Sarcoma?

A
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27
Q

what are the ortho examples of chromosomal translocations?

A
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28
Q

where do the mesenchymal stem cells originate from?

A
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29
Q

what are the cell-cell proteins involved in limb formation?

A
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30
Q

Characterize the BMP protein

A
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31
Q

what are the therapeutic uses of BMP?

A
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32
Q

what is FOP?

A
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33
Q

what are the limb bud growth factors?

A
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34
Q

what is the clinical relevance of WNT?

A

Dorsal ventral formation

nail patella syndrome

osteoblast precursor

adult bone homeostasis

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35
Q

Describe the WNT/ Beta-catenin canonical pathway:

A
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36
Q

what are two types of bone formation?

A
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37
Q

Describe the basics of intramembranous ossification

A

In intramembraneous ossification, MSC cells form bone directly

High early WNT signaling first favors osteoblasts

RUNX increased

SOX-9 decreased

No cartilage model/ Woven bone

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38
Q

What are some orthopedic situations where intramembranous ossification occurs?

A
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39
Q

What is the clinical signficance of the clavicle as it relates to bone formation?

A

first bone to form in the fetus

last to ossify

intramembranous ossification

40
Q

what is a clinical example of poor intramembranous ossification?

A

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

RUNX/CBFA1

Core Binding Factor 1

41
Q

what are the clinical manifestions of cleidocranial dysplasia?

A
42
Q

List the diseases associated with “Wormian Bones”

PORKCHOPS

A
43
Q

what are the early signaling compnents that lead to endochondral ossification?

A

low early WNT signaling favors cartilage

Increased SOX-9

RUNX-2 decreased

Later WNT increases

44
Q

Describe the steps for enchondral bone formation

A

MSCs first form cartilage

CARTILAGE MODEL

Osteoblasts form perichondrium

Cartilage replaced by bone

45
Q

what are some clinical examples of enchondral ossification?

A

Growth plates

fracture repair (secondary healing)

Heterotopic ossification

synovial osteochondromatosis

46
Q

LEARN this SCHEMATIC!

A
47
Q

What are some clinical examples of Trisomy 21?

A
48
Q

what are some genetic causes for short limbs?

A

FGF-

dwarfish

49
Q

What are the key points about fibroblast growth Factor Receptor?

A
50
Q

Describe the function of the hedgehogs:

A
51
Q

Does high SHH production cause radial or ulnar development?

A

Ulnar

52
Q

How does fibular hemimelia relate to Sonic the Hedgehog?

A
53
Q

How do you characterize tibial bowing?

A
54
Q

what does indian Hedgehog do?

A
55
Q

what is the mechanism of action for PCN?

A

PCN inhibits petidoglycan synthesis

56
Q

What are the antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

PCN

Cephalosporins

Vancomycin

Bacitracin

Aztreonam

Imipenem

beta-lactams bind to surface of cell membrane

57
Q

What antibiotics increase cell membrane permeability?

A

Polymixin

Nystatin-antifungal

Amphotericin-antifungal

58
Q

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal RNA?

bacteriostatic

A

Aminoglycosides

clindamycin

erythromycin

tetracycline

59
Q

What antibiotics are bacteriocidal and bind to 30S subunit ,misread messenger RNA?

A

Gentamycin

Streptomycin

tobramycin

amikacin

neomycin

60
Q

What is the mechanism of Rifampin ?

A

Inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria

61
Q

what is the mechanism of action of quinolones

A

inhibit DNA gyrase

associated with tendon ruptures

62
Q

list some common complications associated with specific antibiotic usage:

A

aminoglycosides: ears and kidneys

tetracycline-teeth staining

cephalosporins- good in ortho

clindamycin-highest bone concentrations

cipro- tendon ruptures

imipenem- seizures

63
Q

what does warfarin do?

A

affects vitamin k metabolism in the liver, limiting the production of factors 2,7,9,10

and proteins C and S

inhibits vitamin K dependent proteins from being carboxylated

Intrinsic pathway

64
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Enhances the ability of anti-thrombin (AT-III) to inhibit factors IIA, 9A, 10A.

extrinsic pathway PTT

65
Q

What is the mechanism of Aspirin?

A

Inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis by irreversible binding COX in platelets and blocking platelet aggregation

66
Q

What is the mechanism of Lovenox?

A

Complexes formed between AT-III and factors IIa, Xa.

67
Q

What is the mechanism of action of LMWH?

A

inhibit factors Xa and IIa.

68
Q

What are the three anticoagulation pathways?

A

Heparin–AT-III

Protein C-thrombomodulin-protein S

Tissue factor inhibitor

69
Q

what is von willebrand factor?

A

promotes platelet binding to vessel walls;

carrier for factor VIII

treat deficiency with cryoprecipitate and desmopresin

70
Q

What are potentiators of coumadin?

A

Flagyl

erythromycin

aspirin

sulfa

bactrim

heaprain

septa dylantin

71
Q

Free Body analysis:

M=Fx(torque moment)

F= mass x acceleration

A

hip free body diagram

Body weight down x moment length=

abductor moment are x abductor weight

72
Q

describe the piezoelectric effect

A

concave compression side is electronegative

convex tension is electropositive

73
Q

What factors increase rigidity of external fixators:

A

Bone to Bone contact (most important)

Larger diameter pins

Additional pins

Decreased bone-rod distance (closer to leg)

increased mass of rods (stack the rods)

increase space between pins

circular fixators

74
Q

List the biomechanical implants in Youngs Modulus order:

Highest to lowest

A

Ceramic

cobalt chrome

stainless steel

Titanium

Cortical bone

polymethylmethacrylate Cement

Poly Implant

Cancellous bone

tendon

ligaments

cartilage

75
Q

what is the definition of toughness

A

resistance to fracture

76
Q

What is the modulus of elasticity definition?

A

linear relationship between applied stress and resultant deformation

77
Q

what is the elastic limit?

A

biomechanical point at which strain is no longer recoverable

78
Q

What is a yield strength?

A

amount of stress necessary to produce a specific amount of permanent deformation, usually .2%

79
Q

what is ultimate strength?

A

maximum strength obtained to failure

80
Q

what is the elastic linear region?

A

proportional strain to stress applied…until yield point.

81
Q

what is the plastic region?

A

curve past yield point in which stress is not reversible

82
Q

does a brittle material have a large or small elastic region?

what about ductile

A

small plastic curve

large plstic curve

83
Q

what is fatigue failure?

A

number of cycles to material failure at a specific stress level

84
Q

Define endurance limit:

A

stress level at which a materaila can be cyclically loaded an infinite number of times withou failing.

85
Q

what is the paronychia trilogy?

A

Herpetic whitlow

candida albicans

streph-acute bacteria

86
Q

what are the flesh-eating bacteria?

A

Group A Strep with exotoxin

Vibrio Vulnificus-seawater

Aeromonas Hydrophilia-freshwaster

87
Q

what are the common skin, fascia and muscle infections with the associated bugs?

A
88
Q

review the soft tissue infection flow diagram from NEJM:

A
89
Q

What is the most common bacteria for orthopedic Infections?

A
90
Q

what gene is associate with MRSA?

A

MEC-A gene

codes for penicillin binding protein 2a

transmitted by horizontal gene transfer

plasmids, bacteriophages

drug of choice is Vanco.

91
Q

what is the difference between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA?

A
92
Q

What are the guidelines for stopping Rheumatoid medications prior to arthroplasty surgery?

A
93
Q

What is the mechanism of TXA?

A

blocks the formation of plasmin

decrease clots dissolving

94
Q

what Upregulates RANKL and downregulates OPG?

increases bone resorption/destruction

A

Parathyroid hormone

Activated Vitamin D

Il-1N

TNF-A

PGE2

95
Q

what down regulates RANKL and upregulates OPG?

decreases bone destruction

A

IL-4

TNF-B

Interferon N gamma

96
Q

what transcription factors are associated with Tendon, Bone and Cartilage?

A

Mohwawk MKK- Tendon

SOX9-Cartilage

Frank Review Course (34 decks)

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