Basic Exercise Sicence 2-2 The Skeletal System Flashcards
What are bones
Hard connective tissue, that together form the skeletal system.
Describe the skeletal system
It’s the body’s framework for structure and movement,
It’s made up of bones and joints.
Describe joints.
The moveable places where two or more bones meet.
The skeletal system has two divisions, what are they?
The axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Describe the axial skeleton
It consist of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column
What are the two main function of bones/skeletal system in regards to movements?
- They ate levers when acted on by muscles.
2. They provide support/posture.
Name the 4 major types of bones
- Long bones
- Short. Ones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
This type of bone is characterized by their long cylindrical shaft, with irregular or widened bony ends
Long bones
The slight curvature of long bones is necessary for what?
Efficient force distribution
Long bones are comprised of compact bone tissue, this ensures what?
Strength and stiffness
Though long bones are comprised of compact bone tissue they have considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue, why?
For shock absorption
Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges are all what th of bones?
Long bones
What type of bones are similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape.
Short bones
Short bones consist predominantly of spongy bone tissue, why
For maximum shock absorption
The carpals of the hand and the tarsals of the feet are what type of bones
Short bones
Which type of bone is thin, is comprised of 2 layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue
Flat bones
Which bones protect internal structures and provide broad attachment sites for muscles?
Flat bones
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, ilium, cranial, and patella are all which type of bone?
Flat bones
Which bone have a unique shape and function?
Irregular bones
Vertebrae, pelvic, and certain facial bones are which types of bones?
Irregular bones
What are the Distinguishing structures on bones necessary for increasing the stability in joints as well as providing an attachment site for muscles?
Surface markings
Surface markings are divided up into 2 categories, what are they?
- Depressions
2. Processes
Flattened or indented portion of bone which can be a muscle attachment site.
Depression
What is a fossa?
A bone marking known as a depression
Supraspinous and the infraspinous located on the scapulae are examples of what?
Fossa
A simply grove in the bone that allows a soft tissue structure (i.e. a tendon) to pass through is what form of a depression?
Sulcus
Projections protruding from bones where muscles and tendons and ligaments can attach.
Processes (surface markings)
Process, condyle, epicondylitis, tubercle, and trochanter are all examples of what?
Processes
Arthrokinematics
Movements of joints
How are joints formed?
When one bone articulates with another bone?
How are joints characterized?
By structure and function
Name the 3 major motion types of joints.
- Roll
- slide
- Spin
Describe a roll movement of a joint
One joint rolls across the surface of another like a tire rolls across a street.
The squat is an example of what type of joint movement
Roll, femoral, condyles rolling over the tibial condyles
The knee extension is an example of wha type of joint motion, like a tire skidding across a street
Slide
When on joint spins on the surface of another like the twisting of a lid off of a jar is an example of what type of joint motion?
Spin
The head of the radius rotations on the end of the humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm is an example of what type of joint motion
Spin
What gives a synovial joint it’s increased mobility compared non-synovial joints?
The absence of fibrous or cartilaginous tissue directly connecting the bones, rather they are loosely held roger by a joint capsule and ligaments
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement
Synovial joints
Where is synovial fluid located
Secreted within the joint capsule
What is the essential function of synovial fluid
Lubricates joint surfaces to reduce the excessive ware and tear and to nourish the cartilage cells that line the joint
Name the types of synovial joints (6)
- Gliding
- Condyloid
- Hinge
- Saddle
- Pivot
- Ball-and-socket
What are the characteristics do non-synovial joints
They have no joint cavity
No fibrous connective tissue
No cartilage in the uniting structure
Little to no movement
Examples of non-synovial joints
Structures of skull
Distal joint of the tibia and fibula (ankle)
Symphysis pubis
List functions of joints (3)
Provide bones a means to be manipulated
Allows movement in body segment
Provides stability
What is the primary connective tissue for a joint?
Ligament
Describe ligaments
Connects bone to bone
Provides static and dynamic stability
and input to the nervous system (proprioception)
Why do ligaments heal slow
Poor vascular its (blood supply)
What are the characteristics of the Gliding joint
No axis of rotation, moves by sliding side to side and/or back and forth, vertebrae
What are the characteristics of the Condyloid joint
Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another, moves predominantly in one plane, knee
What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?
Uniaxial, moves predominantly in one plane of motion (Sagitta.). Elbow
What are the characteristics of the saddle joint
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone, moves predominantly in two planes, (Sagittarius, frontal)
Only carpometacarpla
What are the characteristics of the pivot joint?
Only one axis I, moves predominantly in one of motion (transverse)
Radioulnar
What are the characteristics of the ball-and-socket joint
Most mobile of joints, moves in all three planes of motion,
Hip
What area the characteristics of a synovial joint
Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue, knee
What are the characteristics of a non-synovial joint
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue, little or no movement,
structures of the skull
Example of synovial joints (7)
- Knee
- Vertebrae
- Knee
- Elbow
- Carpometacarpla
- Radioulnar
- Hip
What provides the bones a means to be manipulated, allowing for movement throughout segments of the body.
Joints
All joints in the humans body are connected. This implies that movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others. Therefore if one joint is. It working properly…
It will affect the other joints it works with
What are ligaments made up of?
Primarily a protein called collagen, and varying amounts of a protein called elastin
What type of fibers are situated in a more parallel fashion to the forces that are typically placed upon the ligament, thus providing the ligaments with the ability to withstand tension (tensile strength)?
Collagen
What gives ligaments some flexibility or elastic recoil to withstand the bending and twisting it may have to endure?
Elastin
