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NASM PT certification > Basic Exercise Sicence 2-2 The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Basic Exercise Sicence 2-2 The Skeletal System Flashcards

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0
Q

What are bones

A

Hard connective tissue, that together form the skeletal system.

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1
Q

Describe the skeletal system

A

It’s the body’s framework for structure and movement,

It’s made up of bones and joints.

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2
Q

Describe joints.

A

The moveable places where two or more bones meet.

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3
Q

The skeletal system has two divisions, what are they?

A

The axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Describe the axial skeleton

A

It consist of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column

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5
Q

What are the two main function of bones/skeletal system in regards to movements?

A
  1. They ate levers when acted on by muscles.

2. They provide support/posture.

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6
Q

Name the 4 major types of bones

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short. Ones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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7
Q

This type of bone is characterized by their long cylindrical shaft, with irregular or widened bony ends

A

Long bones

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8
Q

The slight curvature of long bones is necessary for what?

A

Efficient force distribution

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9
Q

Long bones are comprised of compact bone tissue, this ensures what?

A

Strength and stiffness

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10
Q

Though long bones are comprised of compact bone tissue they have considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue, why?

A

For shock absorption

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11
Q

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges are all what th of bones?

A

Long bones

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12
Q

What type of bones are similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape.

A

Short bones

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13
Q

Short bones consist predominantly of spongy bone tissue, why

A

For maximum shock absorption

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14
Q

The carpals of the hand and the tarsals of the feet are what type of bones

A

Short bones

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15
Q

Which type of bone is thin, is comprised of 2 layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue

A

Flat bones

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16
Q

Which bones protect internal structures and provide broad attachment sites for muscles?

A

Flat bones

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17
Q

Sternum, scapulae, ribs, ilium, cranial, and patella are all which type of bone?

A

Flat bones

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18
Q

Which bone have a unique shape and function?

A

Irregular bones

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19
Q

Vertebrae, pelvic, and certain facial bones are which types of bones?

A

Irregular bones

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20
Q

What are the Distinguishing structures on bones necessary for increasing the stability in joints as well as providing an attachment site for muscles?

A

Surface markings

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21
Q

Surface markings are divided up into 2 categories, what are they?

A
  1. Depressions

2. Processes

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22
Q

Flattened or indented portion of bone which can be a muscle attachment site.

A

Depression

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23
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A bone marking known as a depression

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24
Q

Supraspinous and the infraspinous located on the scapulae are examples of what?

A

Fossa

25
Q

A simply grove in the bone that allows a soft tissue structure (i.e. a tendon) to pass through is what form of a depression?

A

Sulcus

26
Q

Projections protruding from bones where muscles and tendons and ligaments can attach.

A

Processes (surface markings)

27
Q

Process, condyle, epicondylitis, tubercle, and trochanter are all examples of what?

A

Processes

28
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Movements of joints

29
Q

How are joints formed?

A

When one bone articulates with another bone?

30
Q

How are joints characterized?

A

By structure and function

31
Q

Name the 3 major motion types of joints.

A
  1. Roll
  2. slide
  3. Spin
32
Q

Describe a roll movement of a joint

A

One joint rolls across the surface of another like a tire rolls across a street.

33
Q

The squat is an example of what type of joint movement

A

Roll, femoral, condyles rolling over the tibial condyles

34
Q

The knee extension is an example of wha type of joint motion, like a tire skidding across a street

A

Slide

35
Q

When on joint spins on the surface of another like the twisting of a lid off of a jar is an example of what type of joint motion?

A

Spin

36
Q

The head of the radius rotations on the end of the humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm is an example of what type of joint motion

A

Spin

37
Q

What gives a synovial joint it’s increased mobility compared non-synovial joints?

A

The absence of fibrous or cartilaginous tissue directly connecting the bones, rather they are loosely held roger by a joint capsule and ligaments

38
Q

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement

A

Synovial joints

39
Q

Where is synovial fluid located

A

Secreted within the joint capsule

40
Q

What is the essential function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricates joint surfaces to reduce the excessive ware and tear and to nourish the cartilage cells that line the joint

41
Q

Name the types of synovial joints (6)

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Condyloid
  3. Hinge
  4. Saddle
  5. Pivot
  6. Ball-and-socket
42
Q

What are the characteristics do non-synovial joints

A

They have no joint cavity
No fibrous connective tissue
No cartilage in the uniting structure
Little to no movement

43
Q

Examples of non-synovial joints

A

Structures of skull
Distal joint of the tibia and fibula (ankle)
Symphysis pubis

44
Q

List functions of joints (3)

A

Provide bones a means to be manipulated
Allows movement in body segment
Provides stability

45
Q

What is the primary connective tissue for a joint?

A

Ligament

46
Q

Describe ligaments

A

Connects bone to bone
Provides static and dynamic stability
and input to the nervous system (proprioception)

47
Q

Why do ligaments heal slow

A

Poor vascular its (blood supply)

48
Q

What are the characteristics of the Gliding joint

A

No axis of rotation, moves by sliding side to side and/or back and forth, vertebrae

49
Q

What are the characteristics of the Condyloid joint

A

Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another, moves predominantly in one plane, knee

50
Q

What are the characteristics of a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial, moves predominantly in one plane of motion (Sagitta.). Elbow

51
Q

What are the characteristics of the saddle joint

A

One bone fits like a saddle on another bone, moves predominantly in two planes, (Sagittarius, frontal)
Only carpometacarpla

52
Q

What are the characteristics of the pivot joint?

A

Only one axis I, moves predominantly in one of motion (transverse)
Radioulnar

53
Q

What are the characteristics of the ball-and-socket joint

A

Most mobile of joints, moves in all three planes of motion,

Hip

54
Q

What area the characteristics of a synovial joint

A

Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue, knee

55
Q

What are the characteristics of a non-synovial joint

A

No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue, little or no movement,
structures of the skull

56
Q

Example of synovial joints (7)

A
  1. Knee
  2. Vertebrae
  3. Knee
  4. Elbow
  5. Carpometacarpla
  6. Radioulnar
  7. Hip
57
Q

What provides the bones a means to be manipulated, allowing for movement throughout segments of the body.

A

Joints

58
Q

All joints in the humans body are connected. This implies that movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others. Therefore if one joint is. It working properly…

A

It will affect the other joints it works with

59
Q

What are ligaments made up of?

A

Primarily a protein called collagen, and varying amounts of a protein called elastin

60
Q

What type of fibers are situated in a more parallel fashion to the forces that are typically placed upon the ligament, thus providing the ligaments with the ability to withstand tension (tensile strength)?

A

Collagen

61
Q

What gives ligaments some flexibility or elastic recoil to withstand the bending and twisting it may have to endure?

A

Elastin

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