basic concepts and processes review Flashcards

1
Q

what does an agonist do

A

produces a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does an antagonist do

A

blocks or inhibits a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe nonspecific drug effect

A

selective to certain receptors but those receptors may be in different organs or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe nonselective

A

not selective to just one type of receptor, it can act on different receptors throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe therapetic index

A

ratio that compares drug toxicity to drug effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe serum drug levels

A

how much drug is in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

absorption

A

-process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated to tissues
-affected by: dosage, form, route, administration site, food, or other drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

distribution

A

transport of drug molecules within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metabolism

A

how the drug is inactivated

mainly liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

excretion

A

elimation of drug from system

mainly kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

trough

A

when drug level is the lowest

drawn right before next dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

peak

A

when drug level is highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what factors affect pharmacokinetics

A

-dosage (loading vs maintenance)
-route
-drug-diet interactions
-drug-drug interactions
-patient variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are black box warnings for

A

for serious life threatening adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tolerance

A

when given the same dose of drug no longer illicits the same response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cross tolerance

A

a person builds tolerance to one drug and it causes development of tolerance to a similar drug

17
Q

name some common adverse effects

A

-glucose alterations (hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia)
-electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia)
-teratogenicity
-sensory effects (ocular or auditory damage)
-neurological effects (parkinson like symptoms, atropine like effects, general CNS effects)

18
Q

what is a drug allergy

A

body forms antibodies to a particular drug causing an immune response

19
Q

what are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions

A
  1. anaphylactic
  2. cytotoxic
  3. serum sickness
  4. delayed
20
Q

describe type 1 hypersensitivity

A

-immediate, occurs within minutes
-mild: itching, rhinitis
-severe: anaphylaxis, cardiac collapse

21
Q

describe type 2 hypersensitivity

A

-cytotoxic
-blood transfusion reactions

22
Q

describe type 3 hypersensitivity

A

-immune complex
-serum sickness
-rare

23
Q

describe type 4 hypersensitivity

A

-delayed
-tuberculin test, contact dermatitis, graft rejection

24
Q

name and describe the 5 FDA pregnancy categories that are no longer used

A

a) no risk
b) animals show no risk, or risk unconfirmed in humans
c) caution is advised, benefits may outweigh risks
d) evidence of risk
x) risk outweighs benefit

25
Q

how do you monitor toxicology

A

drug levels, therapeutic ranges

26
Q

what damage to organs may occur with drug overdose

A

-dermatological
-superinfections
-blood dyscrasias
-liver/renal injury

27
Q

a nurse is caring for a patient who has worsening liver disease. in monitoring his medication it is important to know that a patient with liver disease may have impaired drug…

A

metabolism

the liver is the main organ resposible for metabolism

28
Q

a patient with an overdose of an unknown oral drug usually receives which antidote?

A

activated charcoal

this is the “universal antidote” so giving it should block the absorption of the drug