basic concepts Flashcards
in vivo means?
in the living organism
in vitro means?
outside the living
organism
in silico means (in a computer base environment).
true or false?
true
what should we do before clinical trials?
preclinical testing
the drug must be a pure substance
such as?
chemical, animal or plant based
substance
what excipients mean?
without bioactivity
inactive pharmaceutical ingredients
Mixing of the bioactive portion
of the drug with excipients
according to certain formulas is
called?
drug formulation.
Prophylaxis means?
prevention
drugs can be used as?
Prophylaxis (exp. Aspirin usage to prevent heart attack)
-Diagnosis (exp. Radiological substance)
-Treatment-cure
-Other medical aim
to complete cure of disease means?
Radical treatment
Medications eliminate the cause of the disease, and alleviate
or correct symptoms and sign
true or false?
false,
do not eliminate the cause of the disease , only alleviate or correct symptoms and signs
what is Palliative-Symptomatic treatment ?
Medications do
not eliminate the cause of the disease, only to alleviate
or correct symptoms and signs
list the properties of drug effects
selectivity
temporariness
does-dependent
what are the sources of drugs?
plants
animals
mineral
synthetic or semi synthetic
microbiological
genetic engineering
how are the drugs classified?
from
1-Their chemical nature
2-Target organ/site of action
3-Therapeutic uses
what will happen after the drug is administrated to the body?
it will effect the systemic concentration and it could be distributed or eliminated
what are the 2 main steps for a drug after it is administrated to the body?
pharmacokinetics
then pharmacodynamic
which form of drug that has gelatin?
capsules
as 1-hard shell gelatin
2- soft shell gelatin
Suppositories are used in?
and how it is melted?
Used in rectum and vagina
melt upon exposure to body temperature
tablets
capsules
powder
are all?
solid drugs
cream drugs are divided into?
oil in water = spread easily
or water in oil= more greasy
what are the types of liquid drugs?
elixirs= contain alcohol
syrups= don’t contain alcohol
solutions
emulsions
suspensions
what is the local application for the Cream, ointment, pastes, solutions (some of them), liniment?
Epidermis (up to the
skin)
the pharmaceutical form for the Conjunctiva sac is?
Ophthalmic drops and ophthalmic ointments
the pharmaceutical form for the intravaginal is
vaginal ovule (suppositories), Vaginal tablets,
ointments, gels
true or false?
true
what is the local application for the Lozenges, solutions?
Buccal
Rectal pharmaceutical form such as Ointments, suppositories, enema
true or false?
true
to which area Clyster (excrete bigger area then enema) is used?
Colon
what is the pharmaceutical form for the external ear canal?
Otic drops (solution, suspension)
what are the 2 types of drugs routs administration?
systemic= should pass through systemic app
local= should not pass through systemic app
give example of systemic administration drug
Oral application
give example of local administration drug
Epidermal application
(creams, ointments),
ocular drops, nasal drops
what are the kinds of local administration?
topical
deeper tissues
arterial
what are the kinds of systemic administration?
enteral
parenteral
The skin is not permeable to
lipid-insoluble substances
true or falsE?
true
what kind of drug application we use Allergy and bacteriological tests or local anesthetic drug
application?
intracutaneous application
give examples of local drugs that are administrated through the mouth
p.
* Antiacid drugs,
* Laxatives such as MgSO
drug placed directly into the GI tract is?
enteral rout
like, oral- sublingual,rectum
First-pass effect in the liver
* Interaction with food or other drugs
* Degraded by digestive enzymes, leading to reduced absorption
* Not applicable in nausea or vomiting
* Likely to unsuitable in case of emergency
* Slower onset of action
* Requires patient cooperation
are ?
disadvantages of oral drug
what are the advantages of the sublingual drug?
rapid absorption
drug stability
avoid first pass effect.
inconvenient
small doses
unpleasant taste of drugs
are ?
disadvantage of sublingual drugs
Drugs that are not absorbed or destroyed by the gastrointestinal tract can be administered ?
parenterally
Parenteral administration of drugs is considered to be higher (in
intravenous 100%) bioavailability.
true or false?
true
what are the Preparations to be administered parenterally?
he pH must be near to the pH of body fluids
(isohidric),
- Sterile,
- Isotonic,
- No particles.
intraarterial administration has local effect and the intravenous administration has systemic effect
true or false?
true
transdermal drug delivery is local application.
true or false?
false, systemic
