Autonomic Nervous System and Neuromuscular Relaxants Flashcards
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems differs in?
Effectors
Efferent pathways and their neurotransmitters
Target organ responses to neurotransmitters
cardiac, smooth, and glands are effectors of?
ANS
what are the effector of SNS?
skeletal muscles
SNS has a thin myelinated somatic motor fibers makes up each pathway from the CNS to the muscle
true or false?
false, thick myelinated motor fibers
how many chains has the ANS?
2 neuron chain
which one is has a thin, lightly myelinated axon
paraganglion or postganglionic?
paraganglion in the CNS
postganglionic axon is unmyelinated that extends to the effector organ
true or false?
true
All somatic motor neurons release ?
ACH
the effect of SNS and ANS are either inhibitory or stimulatory
true or false?
false, SNS is always stimulatory effect.
however, ANS is inhibitory or stimulatory
for ANS the preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACH , and postganglionic fibers release only ACH
true or false?
false, preganglionic= only ACH
postganglionic = ACH or norepinephrine
postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine in sympathetic system, but in parasympathetic system, they release acetylcholine at effectors.
true or false?
true
vessels only use sympathetic system, no dual innervation.
true or false?
true
Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
seen with?
parasympathetic NS
Bronchioles become dilated
Liver releases glucose
are seen with?
sympathetic NS
Bronchioles become dilated
Liver releases glucose
pupil are dilated
are seen with?
sympathetic NS
what is the difference of fiber length between the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?
para: long preganglionic and short postganglionic
symp: short preganglionic and long postganglionic
sympathetic Preganglionic neurons are in which spinal cord segments ?
T1 – L2
lateral horns of the spinal cord are produced by?
sympathetic neurons
Cholinergic fibers release the neurotransmitter ?
and
Adrenergic fibers release the neurotransmitter ?
1- ACH
2- NE
sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscles receive?
ACH neurotransmitter by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers
which drug can block muscarinic receptors??
Atropine is an Anticholinergic drug
Atropine used to?
prevent salivation during surgery, and to dilate the pupils for examination
acetylcholinesterase testing phase the breakdown or degradation of the acetylcholine
so if this enzyme is inhibited the amount of ACH in synaptic cleft is decreased
true or false?
false, ACH amount is increased
which drug inhibits acetylcholinesterase ?
Neostigmine
Neostigmine used to?
treat myasthenia gravis
Beta blockers
Drugs that attach and block 1 receptors to decrease heart rate, contractility
true or false?
true
Drugs that attach to 2 receptors to dilate lung bronchioles in asthma, COPD are?
Beta agonists
what are the Skeletal Muscle Relaxants?
neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics
succinylcholine is ?
is an agonist at the nicotinic end plate receptor: depolarizing type
Most NM blockers are antagonists and nondepolarizing type
what is the the prototype?
tubocurarine
NM blockers enter CNS
true or false?
false, do not enter
larger muscles are less resistant to NM blockers
true or false?
false, more resistant
Sugammadex is a chemical antagonist of rocuronium and also has activity against vecuronium
true or false?
true
The reversal of nondepolarizing muscular blockage is achieved by ?
Sugam Madex
and cholinesterase inhibitors
The action of full doses of NM blockers leads directly to ?
respiratory paralysis
↑ in intragastric pressure caused by fasciculations may promote regurgitation & aspiration of gastric contents, and Muscle pain and muscle damage, postoperatively
are side effects of?
Specific effects of succinylcholine
spasticity from upper motor neuron lesions is?
Spasmolytics
Antispasmodics is spasms from peripheral musculoskeletal conditions
true or false?
true
how Drugs may ameliorate some of the symptoms of spasticity?
modifying the stretch reflex arc or
interfering directly with skeletal muscle (excitation-contraction coupling)
what Facilitates GABA-mediated inhibition via its interaction with GABAA receptors?
Diazepam
GABA B agonist is?
Baclofen
baclofen
causes membrane hyperpolarization
true or false?
true
Presynaptically: ↓ the release of glutamate by ↑ K+ efflux and ↓ Ca+ influx
Postsynaptically: facilitates the inhibitory action of GABA
are done by?
baclofen
inhibits nociceptive transmission in the spinal dorsal horn (analgesic effect)
can be seen with?
Tizanidine
Short-term treatment of wrinkles associated with aging around the eyes and forehead
Generalized spastic disorders (cerebral palsy)
Dystonia
incontinence due to overactive bladder
Chronic migraine
are clinical uses of?
Botulinum Toxin
characterized by massive Ca+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is?
malignant hyperthermia
Reduces skeletal muscle strength
Acts in the skeletal muscle cell to reduce the release of Ca+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via interaction with the ryanodine receptor channel
are done by?
Dantrolene
Drugs for Acute Spasm are sedatives or act in the brain stem (centrally-acting)
true or false?
true
which Drug is for Acute Spasm?
and for chronic spasm?
for acute= Cyclobenzaprine
for chronic= diazepam or Botulin toxin or Baclofen
