Basic Chemistry and Macromolecules

Question 1

The nucleus in an atom is made of….

Answer 1

protons and neutrons

Question 2

Protons and neutrons weigh the same

Answer 2

They each weigh one atomic mass unit (1 amu)

Question 3

Electrons are found outside the nucleus…

Answer 3

they orbit the nucleus and have no weight

Question 4

What is an ion?

Answer 4

A charged atom, either positive or negative

Question 5

Carbon atoms have…

Answer 5

6 protons

Question 6

Nitrogen atoms have

Answer 6

7 protons

Question 7

Hydrogen atoms have

Answer 7

1 proton

Question 8

How do you calculate atomic mass?

Answer 8

Atomic mass = (Protons + Neutrons)

Question 9

Oxygen atoms have

Answer 9

8 protons

Question 10

What are the major elements of biological systems?

Answer 10

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)

Question 11

What are the trace elements of biological systems?

Answer 11

sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn).

Question 12

What holds the atoms of molecules together?

Answer 12

Chemical Bonds

Question 13

What are the three main biological chemical bonds?

Answer 13

covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

Question 14

Describe a covalent bond…

Answer 14

Bond between atoms in the same molecule, it is a strong bond due to electron pair sharing

Question 15

Describe an ionic bond…

Answer 15

Moderately strong bond due to transferring electrons between atoms, creates an attraction

Question 16

Describe a hydrogen bond…

Answer 16

Weak bond between hydrogen and other electronegative PART of a covalently bonded molecule

Question 17

What makes atoms want to form a covalent bond?

Answer 17

When it would have to gain or lose several electrons just to fill its shell, it would rather just share them.

Question 18

What makes atoms want to form an ionic bond?

Answer 18

When it would have to gain or lose just one or two electrons, it would rather just transfer them back and forth.

Question 19

What makes an atom want to form a hydrogen bond?

Answer 19

This is basically a last resort where none of the other two bonds can be made.

Question 20

How many electrons are in the first 3 shells of an atom?

Answer 20

1st shell has 2 electrons, 2nd/3rd have eight

Question 21

Explain Electronegativity…

Answer 21

In a covalent bond, one of the atoms ends up ‘hogging’ more of the electrons’ negative charge even though its supposed to be sharing. This results in the molecule having a slightly negative charge.

Question 22

What type of bonds are formed between water molecules, and thus give water its properties?

Answer 22

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 23

How does water (H2O) separate ionic bonds, and thereby dissolve ionic compunds?

Answer 23

Water molecules surround ionic bonds, any negative ions will bond w/ Hydrogen, and positive ions will bond w/ the oxygen.

Question 24

What is a solution?

Answer 24

Two or more substances joined together to become one uniform substance.

Question 25

What is responsible for cohesion and therefore the surface tension of water?

Answer 25

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 26

Give an example of water cohesion and adhesion?

Answer 26

Cohesion - water forming droplets on a surface | Adhesion - water going up a straw or tube

Question 27

What causes water to be so heat resistant?

Answer 27

Hydrogen Bonds, it requires extra heat energy just to break them first, and then heat the molecules

Question 28

Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

Answer 28

They hydrogen bonds in ice cannot break, thus causing the molecules to be farther apart

Question 29

What are the 4 special properties of water

Answer 29

Water is an excellent solvent Water is cohesive. Water’s temperature tends to remain stable. Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

Question 30

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 30

Any molecule that contains a carbon to hydrogen (C-H) covalent bond.

Question 31

What are the 4 major groups of organic bio molecules?

Answer 31

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Question 32

What are 'simple' carbohydrates?

Answer 32

Carbs made up of only one or two sugar monomers.

Question 33

What is a 'complex' carbohydrate?

Answer 33

Carbs made of made up of more than two sugar monomers covalently bonded together

Question 34

What is the use of simple carbs?

Answer 34

Quick and fast energy.

Question 35

What is the use of complex carbs?

Answer 35

Storing energy, cell structure, and signaling

Question 36

What are lipids?

Answer 36

Another bio macromolecule used for energy but they are hydrophobic.

Question 37

What are the 4 types of lipids?

Answer 37

1. Fats/Oils - long term energy storage 2. Phospholipids - cell structure 3. Steroids - Hormones, regulates processes 4. Waxes - protective water resistant layers

Question 38

What are proteins?

Answer 38

Most important bio macromolecule made from amino acids.

Question 39

What are some functions of proteins?

Answer 39

Perform as enzymes to start chemical reactions, DNA, cell transport, molecule transport, receptors, structure

Question 40

Why can proteins perform so many things?

Answer 40

They are able to form many different structures.

Question 41

What common features do all organic molecules have?

Answer 41

1. They all must contain carbon atoms 2. They are covalently bonded to Hydrogen atoms 3. They combine to form the major bio macromolecules.

Question 42

What are the macromolecules' monomers?

Answer 42

Carbs - Simple Sugars Proteins - Amino Acids Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides Lipids - Fatty Acid Chains

Question 43

Explain molecularly why oil and water does not mix

Answer 43

Oil is a lipid, and lipids have hydrophobic tails that cause them to keep water away from them

Question 44

What are nucleotides made of?

Answer 44

A phosphate, a sugar, & a nitrogenous base.