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Intro to Biology - WGU > Basic Chemistry and Macromolecules > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry and Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

The nucleus in an atom is made of….

A

protons and neutrons

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2
Q

Protons and neutrons weigh the same

A

They each weigh one atomic mass unit (1 amu)

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3
Q

Electrons are found outside the nucleus…

A

they orbit the nucleus and have no weight

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4
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom, either positive or negative

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5
Q

Carbon atoms have…

A

6 protons

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6
Q

Nitrogen atoms have

A

7 protons

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7
Q

Hydrogen atoms have

A

1 proton

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8
Q

How do you calculate atomic mass?

A

Atomic mass = (Protons + Neutrons)

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9
Q

Oxygen atoms have

A

8 protons

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10
Q

What are the major elements of biological systems?

A

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)

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11
Q

What are the trace elements of biological systems?

A

sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn).

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12
Q

What holds the atoms of molecules together?

A

Chemical Bonds

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13
Q

What are the three main biological chemical bonds?

A

covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

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14
Q

Describe a covalent bond…

A

Bond between atoms in the same molecule, it is a strong bond due to electron pair sharing

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15
Q

Describe an ionic bond…

A

Moderately strong bond due to transferring electrons between atoms, creates an attraction

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16
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond…

A

Weak bond between hydrogen and other electronegative PART of a covalently bonded molecule

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17
Q

What makes atoms want to form a covalent bond?

A

When it would have to gain or lose several electrons just to fill its shell, it would rather just share them.

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18
Q

What makes atoms want to form an ionic bond?

A

When it would have to gain or lose just one or two electrons, it would rather just transfer them back and forth.

19
Q

What makes an atom want to form a hydrogen bond?

A

This is basically a last resort where none of the other two bonds can be made.

20
Q

How many electrons are in the first 3 shells of an atom?

A

1st shell has 2 electrons, 2nd/3rd have eight

21
Q

Explain Electronegativity…

A

In a covalent bond, one of the atoms ends up ‘hogging’ more of the electrons’ negative charge even though its supposed to be sharing. This results in the molecule having a slightly negative charge.

22
Q

What type of bonds are formed between water molecules, and thus give water its properties?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

23
Q

How does water (H2O) separate ionic bonds, and thereby dissolve ionic compunds?

A

Water molecules surround ionic bonds, any negative ions will bond w/ Hydrogen, and positive ions will bond w/ the oxygen.

24
Q

What is a solution?

A

Two or more substances joined together to become one uniform substance.

25
Q

What is responsible for cohesion and therefore the surface tension of water?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

26
Q

Give an example of water cohesion and adhesion?

A

Cohesion - water forming droplets on a surface

Adhesion - water going up a straw or tube

27
Q

What causes water to be so heat resistant?

A

Hydrogen Bonds, it requires extra heat energy just to break them first, and then heat the molecules

28
Q

Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

A

They hydrogen bonds in ice cannot break, thus causing the molecules to be farther apart

29
Q

What are the 4 special properties of water

A

Water is an excellent solvent
Water is cohesive.
Water’s temperature tends to remain stable.
Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.

30
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

Any molecule that contains a carbon to hydrogen (C-H) covalent bond.

31
Q

What are the 4 major groups of organic bio molecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

32
Q

What are ‘simple’ carbohydrates?

A

Carbs made up of only one or two sugar monomers.

33
Q

What is a ‘complex’ carbohydrate?

A

Carbs made of made up of more than two sugar monomers covalently bonded together

34
Q

What is the use of simple carbs?

A

Quick and fast energy.

35
Q

What is the use of complex carbs?

A

Storing energy, cell structure, and signaling

36
Q

What are lipids?

A

Another bio macromolecule used for energy but they are hydrophobic.

37
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats/Oils - long term energy storage
  2. Phospholipids - cell structure
  3. Steroids - Hormones, regulates processes
  4. Waxes - protective water resistant layers
38
Q

What are proteins?

A

Most important bio macromolecule made from amino acids.

39
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A

Perform as enzymes to start chemical reactions, DNA, cell transport, molecule transport, receptors, structure

40
Q

Why can proteins perform so many things?

A

They are able to form many different structures.

41
Q

What common features do all organic molecules have?

A
  1. They all must contain carbon atoms
  2. They are covalently bonded to Hydrogen atoms
  3. They combine to form the major bio macromolecules.
42
Q

What are the macromolecules’ monomers?

A

Carbs - Simple Sugars
Proteins - Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
Lipids - Fatty Acid Chains

43
Q

Explain molecularly why oil and water does not mix

A

Oil is a lipid, and lipids have hydrophobic tails that cause them to keep water away from them

44
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A phosphate, a sugar, & a nitrogenous base.

Intro to Biology - WGU (9 decks)

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