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PTRS 852 final > basal ganglia > Flashcards

basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Adjust activity of the descending tractsno direct connection with LMN

A

Basal ganglia: motor loop

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2
Q

functions of the basal ganglia motor loop

A

prep for movementinitiation of movementRegulate stereotypic movementlearning new motor tasks

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3
Q

Nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

CaudateputamenGlobus pallidus (internus, externus)Substantia nigraSubthalamic nuclei

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4
Q

striatum

A

caudate nucleusputamen

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5
Q

main input

A

striatum

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6
Q

major output

A

globus pallidus

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7
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

putamen globus pallidus

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8
Q

impact amount of output coming from the motor cortex and have connection to putamen and globus pallidus

A

Substantia nigrasubthalamic nucleus

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9
Q

Loop you would use for a motor output

A

Striato-pallido-thalamic loop

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10
Q

Striato-pallido-thalamic loop

A

PMA/M1cuadate, PUTAMENglobus pallidusThalamus, ventral ant nucleus, ventral lat nucleus

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11
Q

Modulates output that gets passed on to the globus pallidus from the putamen

A

Substangia nigra

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12
Q

Death of the substantia nigra

A

parkinsons

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13
Q

modulates output from the basal ganglia at the level of the globus pallidus

A

subthalamic nucleus

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14
Q

death of the subthalamic nucleus

A

explosive movements ballism

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15
Q

two motor loops

A

direct motor pathwayindirect motor pathway

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16
Q

motor pathway that facilitates movementgoes through internal segment of globus pallidus

A

direct motor pathway

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17
Q

motor pathway that inhibits movementgoes to external segment of globus pallidus

A

indirect motor pathway

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18
Q

______ is released from inhibition= more excitation of PMA and M1

A

VL thalamusdirect motor pathway

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19
Q

Net result: activity in PMA/M1 is boosted via this positive feedback loop

A

direct motor pathway

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20
Q

Increased inhibition of the __________ occurs through the loop between the external segment of the globus pallidus ant the subthalamic nucleus

A

VL thalamus

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21
Q

More inhibition of thalamus = less excitation of PMA and M1Net result: activity of indirect loop provides negative feedback

A

Indirect pathway

22
Q

Basal ganglia can both

A

facilitate and inhibit movement

23
Q

Basal ganglia thalamocortical loopsLoops that play a role in cognition and mood

A

Borsolateral prefrontalLateral orbitofrontalAnterior cingulate

24
Q

Loop with the role of executive functions: organizing behavior resonses, problem solving

A

Dorsolateral prefontal circuit

25
Q

Relays info to prefrontal cortex

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

26
Q

Loop with the role of mediating empathetic and socially appropriate responsesDisorder: OCD, schizophrenia

A

Lateral orbitofrontal circuit

27
Q

Loop with the role of motivated behavior and procedural learning

A

Anterior cingulate circuit

28
Q

The putamen has a connection with what in the anterior cirngulate circuit

A

Hippocampus AmygdalaSubstantia nigra

29
Q

Learning and memory formation

A

hippocampus

30
Q

Regulates fear and fear of membory

A

amygdala

31
Q

Increase inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia results in reduced excitation of motor cortex

A

hypokinesia

32
Q

Occurs when putamen cannot be activated secondary to loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra

A

parkinson’s disease

33
Q

Damage to putamen or globus pallidus

A

parkinsonism

34
Q

Decrease inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia results in increased excitation of motor cortex

A

hyperkinesia

35
Q

occurs secondary to loss of connection with subthalamic nuclei

A

ballism

36
Q

Striatal neurons that give rise to indirect pathway are lost

A

Huntingtons chorea

37
Q

excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathwayfacilitates movement vea suppression of GPi output

A

Dopamine

38
Q

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN causes decreased activity in direct pathway, increased activity in indirect pathwayenhances output of GPiincreased inhibition of thalamus result in reduced excitation of motor cortexdiminished cortical output

A

Parkinson’s disease

39
Q

Damage to putamen or globus pallidussimilar symptoms as PDtypically from head trauma, drug toxicity

A

Parkinsonism

40
Q

Altered modulation between the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus

A

Ballism

41
Q

Failure or underactivity of indirect motor loop =

A

hyperkinesiaballism

42
Q

Loss of excitatory STN projections to GPiDisinhibits VL thalamusIncreased excitation of PMA/M1 = increased motor output

A

ballism

43
Q

Hyperkinetic disorderautosomal dominant disorder due to gene defect on chromosome

A

Huntingtons disease

44
Q

Striatal meurons that give rise to indirect pathway are lostLoss of excitatory STN projections to GPiDisinhibits VL thalamusIncreased excitation of PMA/M1= increased motor output

A

Chorea

45
Q

Neurologic syndrom dominated by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture. Classified according to age of onset, distribution of symptoms and etiology

A

Dystonias

46
Q

Dystonia distribution

A

Focal SegmentalGeneralized

47
Q

Defect in descending pathways involving reciprocal inhibition of motor neuronsresults in cocontraction of agonists and antagonistsChemical dysfunctions within basal ganglia

A

Dystonia pathogenesis

48
Q

Uncontrolled blinking or closure of eyelids

A

Blepharospasm

49
Q

Neck muscle contract, turning head to one side or pulling to forward/backward

A

Cervical dystonia

50
Q

Face and jaw muscles contract causing grimaces or facial distortions

A

oromandibular dystonia

51
Q

Affecting speech muscles of the throat, causing strained, forced, or breathy speech

A

Dysphonia

52
Q

Muscles contract in hand and forearm

A

writer’s cramp or occupational cramp

PTRS 852 final (8 decks)

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