basal ganglia

Question 1

Adjust activity of the descending tractsno direct connection with LMN

Answer 1

Basal ganglia: motor loop

Question 2

functions of the basal ganglia motor loop

Answer 2

prep for movementinitiation of movementRegulate stereotypic movementlearning new motor tasks

Question 3

Nuclei of the basal ganglia

Answer 3

CaudateputamenGlobus pallidus (internus, externus)Substantia nigraSubthalamic nuclei

Question 4

striatum

Answer 4

caudate nucleusputamen

Question 5

main input

Answer 5

striatum

Question 6

major output

Answer 6

globus pallidus

Question 7

Lentiform nucleus

Answer 7

putamen globus pallidus

Question 8

impact amount of output coming from the motor cortex and have connection to putamen and globus pallidus

Answer 8

Substantia nigrasubthalamic nucleus

Question 9

Loop you would use for a motor output

Answer 9

Striato-pallido-thalamic loop

Question 10

Striato-pallido-thalamic loop

Answer 10

PMA/M1cuadate, PUTAMENglobus pallidusThalamus, ventral ant nucleus, ventral lat nucleus

Question 11

Modulates output that gets passed on to the globus pallidus from the putamen

Answer 11

Substangia nigra

Question 12

Death of the substantia nigra

Answer 12

parkinsons

Question 13

modulates output from the basal ganglia at the level of the globus pallidus

Answer 13

subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

death of the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 14

explosive movements ballism

Question 15

two motor loops

Answer 15

direct motor pathwayindirect motor pathway

Question 16

motor pathway that facilitates movementgoes through internal segment of globus pallidus

Answer 16

direct motor pathway

Question 17

motor pathway that inhibits movementgoes to external segment of globus pallidus

Answer 17

indirect motor pathway

Question 18

______ is released from inhibition= more excitation of PMA and M1

Answer 18

VL thalamusdirect motor pathway

Question 19

Net result: activity in PMA/M1 is boosted via this positive feedback loop

Answer 19

direct motor pathway

Question 20

Increased inhibition of the __________ occurs through the loop between the external segment of the globus pallidus ant the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 20

VL thalamus

Question 21

More inhibition of thalamus = less excitation of PMA and M1Net result: activity of indirect loop provides negative feedback

Answer 21

Indirect pathway

Question 22

Basal ganglia can both

Answer 22

facilitate and inhibit movement

Question 23

Basal ganglia thalamocortical loopsLoops that play a role in cognition and mood

Answer 23

Borsolateral prefrontalLateral orbitofrontalAnterior cingulate

Question 24

Loop with the role of executive functions: organizing behavior resonses, problem solving

Answer 24

Dorsolateral prefontal circuit

Question 25

Relays info to prefrontal cortex

Answer 25

Dorsomedial nucleus

Question 26

Loop with the role of mediating empathetic and socially appropriate responsesDisorder: OCD, schizophrenia

Answer 26

Lateral orbitofrontal circuit

Question 27

Loop with the role of motivated behavior and procedural learning

Answer 27

Anterior cingulate circuit

Question 28

The putamen has a connection with what in the anterior cirngulate circuit

Answer 28

Hippocampus AmygdalaSubstantia nigra

Question 29

Learning and memory formation

Answer 29

hippocampus

Question 30

Regulates fear and fear of membory

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

Increase inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia results in reduced excitation of motor cortex

Answer 31

hypokinesia

Question 32

Occurs when putamen cannot be activated secondary to loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra

Answer 32

parkinson's disease

Question 33

Damage to putamen or globus pallidus

Answer 33

parkinsonism

Question 34

Decrease inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia results in increased excitation of motor cortex

Answer 34

hyperkinesia

Question 35

occurs secondary to loss of connection with subthalamic nuclei

Answer 35

ballism

Question 36

Striatal neurons that give rise to indirect pathway are lost

Answer 36

Huntingtons chorea

Question 37

excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathwayfacilitates movement vea suppression of GPi output

Answer 37

Dopamine

Question 38

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN causes decreased activity in direct pathway, increased activity in indirect pathwayenhances output of GPiincreased inhibition of thalamus result in reduced excitation of motor cortexdiminished cortical output

Answer 38

Parkinson's disease

Question 39

Damage to putamen or globus pallidussimilar symptoms as PDtypically from head trauma, drug toxicity

Answer 39

Parkinsonism

Question 40

Altered modulation between the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus

Answer 40

Ballism

Question 41

Failure or underactivity of indirect motor loop =

Answer 41

hyperkinesiaballism

Question 42

Loss of excitatory STN projections to GPiDisinhibits VL thalamusIncreased excitation of PMA/M1 = increased motor output

Answer 42

ballism

Question 43

Hyperkinetic disorderautosomal dominant disorder due to gene defect on chromosome

Answer 43

Huntingtons disease

Question 44

Striatal meurons that give rise to indirect pathway are lostLoss of excitatory STN projections to GPiDisinhibits VL thalamusIncreased excitation of PMA/M1= increased motor output

Answer 44

Chorea

Question 45

Neurologic syndrom dominated by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture. Classified according to age of onset, distribution of symptoms and etiology

Answer 45

Dystonias

Question 46

Dystonia distribution

Answer 46

Focal SegmentalGeneralized

Question 47

Defect in descending pathways involving reciprocal inhibition of motor neuronsresults in cocontraction of agonists and antagonistsChemical dysfunctions within basal ganglia

Answer 47

Dystonia pathogenesis

Question 48

Uncontrolled blinking or closure of eyelids

Answer 48

Blepharospasm

Question 49

Neck muscle contract, turning head to one side or pulling to forward/backward

Answer 49

Cervical dystonia

Question 50

Face and jaw muscles contract causing grimaces or facial distortions

Answer 50

oromandibular dystonia

Question 51

Affecting speech muscles of the throat, causing strained, forced, or breathy speech

Answer 51

Dysphonia

Question 52

Muscles contract in hand and forearm

Answer 52

writer's cramp or occupational cramp