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CP 2 > Balance > Flashcards

Balance Flashcards

1
Q

center of mass

A
  • point at which distribution of mass is equal in all directions
  • 2/3 of body height above BoS, slightly anterior to sacrum
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2
Q

when does center of mass change

A

with body position, independent of gravity

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3
Q

center of gravity

A
  • vertical projection of CoM, gravity-dependent
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4
Q

center of gravity line

A
  • anterior to ankle and knee joints
  • at or posterior to hip joint
  • trunk midline
  • anterior to GH joint
  • through external auditory meatus
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5
Q

base of support

A

area beneath a person that includes every point of contact that the person makes with the supporting surface

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6
Q

what keeps us balanced?

A
  • biomechanical
  • stability during gait
  • sensory organization/integration
  • reactive responses
  • anticipatory control
  • limits of stability
  • cognition
  • behavior
  • neuromuscular synergies
  • endurance
  • MSK input
  • internal representation
  • sensory strategies
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7
Q

3 systems that consider balance

A
  • vision
  • somatosensory
  • vestibular
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8
Q

with a firm/stable surface, what system is most dominant

A
  • 70% somatosensory
  • 20% vestibular
  • 10% visual
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9
Q

with a compliant surface, what system is most dominant

A
  • 60% vestibular
  • 30% visual
  • 10% somatosensory
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10
Q

anticipatory postural control

A

voluntary goal-directed movements in preparation for movement
- feed forward system

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11
Q

reactive postural responses

A

reaction to unplanned perturbations to balance resulting in displacement of CoG or moving the BoS
- feed back system

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12
Q

reactive strategies

A

ankle
hip
stepping

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13
Q

ankle strategy

A
  • quiet standing

- counteract small pertubations

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14
Q

hip strategy

A
  • counteract larger pertubations

- primary strategy for mediolateral control

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15
Q

stepping strategy

A
  • when ankle and hip strategies fail

- ultimately increases base of support

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16
Q

sitting balance strategies

A
  • somatosensory input –> thighs, buttocks, feet
  • stability –> less degrees of freedom (3)
  • direction of control stability –> A/P most stable, LOB tends to primarily occur laterally
  • anticipatory postural control –> gastroc, quads, glutes
  • reactionary strategies –> reaching
17
Q

standing balance

A
  • sometosensory input –> ankle/foot
  • stability –> more degrees of freedom (6)
  • direction of control stability –> lateral more stable than A/P
  • anticipatory postural control –> gastroc, trunk extensors
  • reactionary strategies –> ankle, hip, step
18
Q

intrinsic fall risk factors

A
  • age
  • impaired balance
  • prior hx of falls
  • fear of falling
  • comorbidities/disease state
  • medication side effects
19
Q

extrinsic fall factors

A
  • type of surface
  • slippery surface
  • obstacles, stairs, curbs
  • poor lighting or sudden changes in lighting
  • footwear
  • poorly fitted AD and/or orthotics
  • recreational drugs, alcohol
20
Q

how do we determine if a patient is “off-balance?”

A
  • observation
  • clinical hx taking
  • clinical neurological examination
  • subjective and objective outcome measures
21
Q

what are subjective and objective outcome measures that can help determine if a pt is off balance

A
  • cut off scores give you a normative value
  • minimum detectable change proves it wasn’t due to chance
  • meaningful clinically important difference carries over into fxn, can make a goal since connects to their functional level
22
Q

what percentage of falls occur at home

A

50-60%

23
Q

fear of falling is common, what percentage of community-dwelling adults experience this

A

56-73%

24
Q

fear of falling is a to falls

A
  • a mjor risk factor

- associated with negative physical and psychosocial outcomes

25
Q

are there individuals more likely to be afraid of falling

A

yes

  • female
  • reduced physical function
  • use of walking aid
  • hx of falling
  • poor self-perceived health status
  • environmental concerns
  • depression/anxiety

CP 2 (26 decks)

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