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Micro Exam II > Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract I > Flashcards

Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract I Flashcards

1
Q

Which tends to be more serious, lower respiratory tract infections or upper respiratory tract infections?

A

lower respiratory tract infections. They are also less common

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2
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

movement of mucous and trapped particles up the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea to be swallowed

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3
Q

What are some things that can impair the function of the mucociliary escalator

A

viral infection
smoke
EtOH
narcotics

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4
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A

inflammation of lung as result of bacterial infection

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5
Q

Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia

A

fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain. crackles upon auscultation

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6
Q

What does a chest xray of typical pneumonia look like

A

one lung appears to be solid, full of bacteria

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7
Q

What does a chest xray of atypical pneumonia look like

A

patchy

entire lobe is not usually full

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8
Q

Onset of typical pneumonia

A

sudden

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9
Q

Onset of atypical pneumonia

A

gradual

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10
Q

WBC count of typical pneumonia

A

elevated with left shift

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11
Q

WBC count of atypical pneumonia

A

often not elevated, but can be

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12
Q

What is the most common agent of typical pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

What is the most common agent of atypical pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

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14
Q

Pleurisy and consolidation in typical pneumonia?

A

common

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15
Q

pleurisy and consolidation in atypical pneumonia?

A

rare

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16
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia caused by?

A

introduction of foreign material into the bronchial tree such as saliva, food, vomit

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17
Q

Community acquired pneumonia

A

any pneumonia NOT acquired in a healthcare setting

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18
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia

A

pneumonia acquired in a healthcare setting

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19
Q

What is hospital acquired pneumonia often caused by?

A

MDR gram negatives

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20
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae features

A

gram positive
diplococci in chains
alpha hemolytic
catalase neg

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21
Q

What are the streptoccus pneumoniae virulence factors

A

surface adhesions, IgA protease, pneumolysin, teichoic acid and peptidoglycan, thick polysaccharide capsule

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22
Q

What does surface adhesins do in s. pneumoniae

A

colonization of pharynx

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23
Q

What does IgA protease do in s. pneumoniae

A

cleaves IgA, prevent clearance

24
Q

What does pneumolysin do in s. pneumoniae?

A

pore forming toxin
colonization invasion
inflammation
complement activation

25
Q

What does teichoic acid and peptidoglycan do in s. pneumoniae

A

inflammation

26
Q

What does thcik polysaccharid capsule do in s. pneumoniae

A

antiphagocytic

27
Q

Symptoms of pneumonoccal pneumonia

A

rust color sputum
preceding by several days of rhinorrhea
abrupt spiking fever with chills
poor oxygenation

28
Q

What is the result of optochin test for s. pneumoniae pneumonia?

A

optochin sensitive

29
Q

What can you look for in a urine test for s. pneumoniae pneumonia

A

test for pneumococcal polysaccharide

30
Q

What is the result of a bile solubility test for s. pneumoniae pneumonia?

A

positive

31
Q

How can you treat s. pneumoniae

A

sensitive strains - penicillin
macrolide-azithromycon
serious cases - azithromycin plus cephalosporin

32
Q

Is there a vaccine for s. pneumoniae?

A

yes. 23 and 13 valent

33
Q

Characteristics of staphlyoccus aureus

A

gram positive cocci in clusters
catalase positive
coagulase positive

34
Q

What are the virulence factors of s. aureus?

A

coagulase
protein A
panton-valentine leukocidin

35
Q

What does coagulase do in s. aureus

A

clotting blood

36
Q

What does protein A do in s. aureus

A

binds Fc portion of antibody

37
Q

What does PVL do in s. aureus

A

pore forming cytotoxin

can cause sever necrotizing pneumonia

38
Q

MRSA

A

resistant to all beta lactams. not necessarily more virulent, just harder to treat

39
Q

How can you treat MRSA

A

linezolid or vancomycin

40
Q

What is the agent of MRSA

A

s. aureus

41
Q

How to treat s. aureas pneumonia that’s NOT resistant

A

penicillins/cephalosporins

42
Q

Pneumonia caused by gram neg bacteria

A

more likely to be HAP

common in aspiration pneumonia

43
Q

Characteristics of gram neg pneumonia

A

pt generally has an underlying disease
foul smelling sputum
any love may be affect
1/4 have pleural effusion

44
Q

How do you treat gram neg pneumonia

A

drug cocktail via IV

aminoglycoside + beta lactam

45
Q

Characteristics of klebsiella pneumoniae

A

gram neg rod
non motile
oxidase neg
has capsule

46
Q

Symptoms of klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia

A

classic pneumonia
bloody sputum
looks like currant jelly

47
Q

Virulence factors of klebsiella pneumoniae

A

LPS

capsule

48
Q

How do you treat klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia

A

drug cocktail via IV

aminoglycoside + beta lactam

49
Q

How do you prevent klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia

A

disinfect encironment

use sterile respiratory equipment

50
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa charactersistics

A 
gram neg rods
flagellated
obligate aerobe
oxidase positive
culture smells like grapes
51
Q

Where does pseudomonoas aeruginosa grow

A

water with minimal nutrients
hand soaps
dilute antiseptics

52
Q

Predisposing factors for pseudomonoas aeruginosa pneumonia

A

burn patients
immunosuppressive therapy
ventilator use
cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Virulence factos for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A 
toxin A
leukocidin
phospholipase C
capsule
pyocyanin
pyoverdin
54
Q

What does toxin A do in pseudomonoas aeruginosa

A

ADP-ribosylation of EF-2, hals protein synthesis

55
Q

What does leukocidin do in pseudomonoas aeruginosa

A

pore forming toxin that targets leukocytes

56
Q

What does phospholipase C do in pseudomonoas aeruginosa

A

membrane disruption

57
Q

How do you treat pseudomonoas aeruginoa

A

ticarcillin or piperacillin plus aminoglycoside

Micro Exam II (8 decks)

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