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Microbiology Unit 3 > Bacterial Infections Comparison Chart > Flashcards

Bacterial Infections Comparison Chart Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four bacterial infections that we studied in class?

A

botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea

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2
Q

what is the causative agent of botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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3
Q

what is the causative agent of tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

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4
Q

what is the causative agent of diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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5
Q

describe Clostridium botulinum. what disease does it cause, and which type of toxin is it?

A

botulism, neurotoxin

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6
Q

Clostridium botulinum: characteristics (3)

A
  • obligate anaerobe
  • spore former
  • found in soil
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7
Q

where is Clostridium botulinum found?

A

in soil

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8
Q

Clostridium botulinum: spores or no spores?

A

spores!

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9
Q

Clostridium botulinum: air needs?

A

obligate anaerobe

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10
Q

what are the air needs of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?

A

B: obligate anaerobe
T: obligate anaerobe
D: facultative anaerobe
G: facultative anaerobe

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11
Q

name some symptoms of botulism

A

droopy eyelids
blurred vision
thick tongue
difficulty swallowing
resp. and cardiac arrest
paralysis

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12
Q

what is the pathogenesis of botulism (PCII)

A

produce toxin which is then ingested

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13
Q

what is the pathogenesis (PCII) of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?

A

B: produce toxin which is then ingested
T: invades tissue, followed by toxin production
D: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin
G: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin

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14
Q

where could you get clostridium botulinum from?

A

ingest toxins in food and dust

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15
Q

how to prevent botulism?

A

anti-toxins
supportive measures

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16
Q

is botulism heat-liable or heat stable!

A

heat-liable, aka heat-sensitive

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17
Q

describe Clostridium tetani. what types of toxin is it? (3)

A

tetanospasmin
neurotoxin
AB toxin

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18
Q

describe characteristics of Clostridium tetani

A
  • obligate anaerobe
  • spore-former
  • found in soil
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19
Q

tetanus: air needs

A

obligate anaerobe

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20
Q

tetanus: spores or no spores?

A

spores!

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21
Q

where is Clostridium tetani found?

A

in soil

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22
Q

describe some symptoms of tetanus

A
  • restless
  • difficulty swallowing
  • contracted muscles
  • grimace
  • locked jaw
  • can break bones w contractions
  • spasms
  • pneumonia
  • death
23
Q

how to contract neonatal tetanus?

A

puncture wound –> spores in tissue –> germinate if anaerobic –> vegetative cells multiply to produce toxin

24
Q

tetanus treatment?

A

antitoxin (TIG)
antibiotic
muscle relaxants

25
Q

describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae (3)

A

cytotoxin
produce endotoxins
(AB toxin)

26
Q

symptoms of diptheria?

A

mild sore throat, fatigue, fever
neck swelling
grey membrane on the back of throat

27
Q

pathogenesis of diphtheria?

A

colonize throat, produce toxin

28
Q

local diphtheria symptoms?

A

pseudomembrane (dead cells, pus, blood)

29
Q

systemic diphtheria symptoms?

A

heart, kidney, throat

30
Q

how is diphtheria spread?

A

through the air by infected people

31
Q

what is a virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

toxin inhibits euk protein synthesis which causes cell death

32
Q

how to diagnose diphtheria?

A

forms black colonies on Hoyle’s agar, then confirm Gram stain

33
Q

how to treat diphtheria?

A

antitoxin, antibiotic

34
Q

how to prevent diphtheria?

A

vaccine + Td or Tdap booster

35
Q

how to prevent tetanus?

A

vaccine + booster every 10 years (Td or Tdap)

36
Q

what is the causative agent of gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

37
Q

who can be a gonorrhea host? why?

A

humans, it does not survive in the environment

38
Q

how is gonorrhea transmitted?

A

sexually

39
Q

distribution of asymptomatic cases for gonorrhea?

A

50% of women are asymptomatic
10% of men are asymptomatic

40
Q

describe characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
G+ or G-
shape?
aka?

3 special traits?

A

gram negative
diplo-cocci
gonococcus

fastidious, non-motile, pilliated

41
Q

how does gonorrhea evade the immune system?

A

OMP
LOS
Pilus
release IgA proteases
Prevent phagolysosome fusion
Bind complement regulator

42
Q

what does OMP do in gonorrhea? (2) why is that relevant

A

binds TCR and prevents activation, which inhibits adaptive immunity

43
Q

what does LOS do in gonorrhea?

A

invisibility cloak. mechanism of immune invasion

44
Q

what does Pilus do in gonorrhea?

A

antigenic variation, phase variation. mechanism of immune invasion

45
Q

what is the mechanism of pathogenesis of gonorrhea?

A

invade mucosal cells, multiplies on cell surface or enters cells by endocytosis and multiplies there, and then takes a ride on sperm

46
Q

what causes damage and disease when it comes to gonorrhea? (one word)

A

inflammation

47
Q

gonorrhea is a very common infection, especially among young people ages _______

A

15-24 years

48
Q

what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

A
  • 10% asymptomatic
  • burning when urinating, discharge
  • painful or swollen testicles
  • can progress to inflammation of prostate gland or testicles
  • can lead to infertility
  • oral/rectal symptoms depending on method of entry
49
Q

what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in women?

A
  • 50% asymptomatic
  • burning when urinating, discharge
  • bleeding between periods
  • often misdiagnosed, high risk for complications
50
Q

what treatment is for gonorrhea is required by law?

A

Opthalmia Neonatorum, antibiotic on baby’s eyes right after birth

51
Q

how to diagnose gonorrhea?

A
  • NAT (nucleotide amplification test) for gonorrhea and chalmydia.

swabs or urine samples, or samples from other potentially infected areas

52
Q

how to prevent gonorrhea?

A

combine antibiotics

53
Q

how to prevent gonorrhea?

A

no vaccine, safe sx, abstinence, or monogamy. test and treat infected people. antibiotic on infants eyes.

54
Q

no gonorrhea vaccine. why is that relevant?

A

NO IMMUNITY AFTER INFECTION = REINFECTION!

Microbiology Unit 3 (25 decks)

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