Bacterial Infections Comparison Chart Flashcards
what are the four bacterial infections that we studied in class?
botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea
what is the causative agent of botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
what is the causative agent of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
what is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
describe Clostridium botulinum. what disease does it cause, and which type of toxin is it?
botulism, neurotoxin
Clostridium botulinum: characteristics (3)
- obligate anaerobe
- spore former
- found in soil
where is Clostridium botulinum found?
in soil
Clostridium botulinum: spores or no spores?
spores!
Clostridium botulinum: air needs?
obligate anaerobe
what are the air needs of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?
B: obligate anaerobe
T: obligate anaerobe
D: facultative anaerobe
G: facultative anaerobe
name some symptoms of botulism
droopy eyelids
blurred vision
thick tongue
difficulty swallowing
resp. and cardiac arrest
paralysis
what is the pathogenesis of botulism (PCII)
produce toxin which is then ingested
what is the pathogenesis (PCII) of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, and gonorrhea?
B: produce toxin which is then ingested
T: invades tissue, followed by toxin production
D: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin
G: colonize mucous membrane, then produce toxin
where could you get clostridium botulinum from?
ingest toxins in food and dust
how to prevent botulism?
anti-toxins
supportive measures
is botulism heat-liable or heat stable!
heat-liable, aka heat-sensitive
describe Clostridium tetani. what types of toxin is it? (3)
tetanospasmin
neurotoxin
AB toxin
describe characteristics of Clostridium tetani
- obligate anaerobe
- spore-former
- found in soil
tetanus: air needs
obligate anaerobe
tetanus: spores or no spores?
spores!
where is Clostridium tetani found?
in soil
describe some symptoms of tetanus
- restless
- difficulty swallowing
- contracted muscles
- grimace
- locked jaw
- can break bones w contractions
- spasms
- pneumonia
- death
how to contract neonatal tetanus?
puncture wound –> spores in tissue –> germinate if anaerobic –> vegetative cells multiply to produce toxin
tetanus treatment?
antitoxin (TIG)
antibiotic
muscle relaxants
describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae (3)
cytotoxin
produce endotoxins
(AB toxin)
symptoms of diptheria?
mild sore throat, fatigue, fever
neck swelling
grey membrane on the back of throat
pathogenesis of diphtheria?
colonize throat, produce toxin
local diphtheria symptoms?
pseudomembrane (dead cells, pus, blood)
systemic diphtheria symptoms?
heart, kidney, throat
how is diphtheria spread?
through the air by infected people
what is a virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
toxin inhibits euk protein synthesis which causes cell death
how to diagnose diphtheria?
forms black colonies on Hoyle’s agar, then confirm Gram stain
how to treat diphtheria?
antitoxin, antibiotic
how to prevent diphtheria?
vaccine + Td or Tdap booster
how to prevent tetanus?
vaccine + booster every 10 years (Td or Tdap)
what is the causative agent of gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
who can be a gonorrhea host? why?
humans, it does not survive in the environment
how is gonorrhea transmitted?
sexually
distribution of asymptomatic cases for gonorrhea?
50% of women are asymptomatic
10% of men are asymptomatic
describe characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
G+ or G-
shape?
aka?
3 special traits?
gram negative
diplo-cocci
gonococcus
fastidious, non-motile, pilliated
how does gonorrhea evade the immune system?
OMP
LOS
Pilus
release IgA proteases
Prevent phagolysosome fusion
Bind complement regulator
what does OMP do in gonorrhea? (2) why is that relevant
binds TCR and prevents activation, which inhibits adaptive immunity
what does LOS do in gonorrhea?
invisibility cloak. mechanism of immune invasion
what does Pilus do in gonorrhea?
antigenic variation, phase variation. mechanism of immune invasion
what is the mechanism of pathogenesis of gonorrhea?
invade mucosal cells, multiplies on cell surface or enters cells by endocytosis and multiplies there, and then takes a ride on sperm
what causes damage and disease when it comes to gonorrhea? (one word)
inflammation
gonorrhea is a very common infection, especially among young people ages _______
15-24 years
what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in men?
- 10% asymptomatic
- burning when urinating, discharge
- painful or swollen testicles
- can progress to inflammation of prostate gland or testicles
- can lead to infertility
- oral/rectal symptoms depending on method of entry
what are some symptoms of gonorrhea in women?
- 50% asymptomatic
- burning when urinating, discharge
- bleeding between periods
- often misdiagnosed, high risk for complications
what treatment is for gonorrhea is required by law?
Opthalmia Neonatorum, antibiotic on baby’s eyes right after birth
how to diagnose gonorrhea?
- NAT (nucleotide amplification test) for gonorrhea and chalmydia.
swabs or urine samples, or samples from other potentially infected areas
how to prevent gonorrhea?
combine antibiotics
how to prevent gonorrhea?
no vaccine, safe sx, abstinence, or monogamy. test and treat infected people. antibiotic on infants eyes.
no gonorrhea vaccine. why is that relevant?
NO IMMUNITY AFTER INFECTION = REINFECTION!
