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Path - Microbiology > Bacterial and viral vaccines > Flashcards

Bacterial and viral vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

what is R0 in the world of vaccines?

A

basic reproductive rate:

the number of people that one infectious person will infect

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2
Q

transmission is halted when R0 is what value?

A

If vaccine effective R0 is reduced < 1 then transmission is halted.

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3
Q

equation for herd immunity?

A

HIT = 1 -1/R0

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4
Q

Form of immunity that occurs when vaccination of a significant proportion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals that are not immune is described as?

A

herd immunity

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5
Q

having maternal antibodies is classed as?

A

acquired immunity;

passive and natural

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6
Q

name 2 sources of acquired active immunity?

A

natural - exposure

artificial - immunisation

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7
Q

B and T lymphocytes are part of which immune system?

A

adaptive

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8
Q

which system is responsible for detecting PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) and DAMPs (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns) and presenting them through Pattern Recognition Receptors(PRR) to APC?

A

innate

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9
Q

APCs present antigens to ?

and where?

A

naive t cells

lymph nodes

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10
Q

Activated B cells can undergo cell division and develop into what?

A

plasma cells

and memory B cells.

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11
Q

which cells produce antibodies specific for the vaccine antigen?

A

plasma b cells

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12
Q

what happens when antibodies bind to an antigen ?

A

Neutralization of infectivity

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

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13
Q

which cell type has an important role in killing infected cells in attenuated vaccines?

A

t cells

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14
Q

what is the Goal of vaccination ?

A

to produce memory cells to the vaccine antigen

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15
Q

What happens after vaccination when exposed to organism\?

A

Entry of pathogen activated memory T cells which encourage immune response

Memory B cells become active plasma cells (more antibodies produced at a faster rate)

Memory killer T cell response may be reactivated

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16
Q

a substance that can stimulate an immune response and prevent/alleviate the clinically important consequences of infection is called?

A

Protective antigen

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17
Q

substances of various kinds that enhance immune response are known as?

A

Adjuvants

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18
Q

List the 6 types of vaccines available

A

Attenuated
Inactivated
Subunit

Conjugate
Heterotypic
Toxoid

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19
Q

give examples of inactivated vaccine?

A

Influenza, cholera, polio

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20
Q

Measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever come in which type of vaccine?

A

attenuated

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21
Q

what is an attenuated vaccine?

A

Live organisms modified to be less virulent

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22
Q

Tetanus, diphtheria come in which type of vaccine?

A

toxoid

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23
Q

what is a toxoid vaccine?

A

Inactivated toxic components

24
Q

what is a subunit vaccine?

A

Protein component of the microorganisms

Lacking viral genetic material and unable to replicate

25
Q

list some examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Hepatitis B, HPV

26
Q

Haemophilus influenzae type B is what type of vaccine?

A

conjugate vaccine

27
Q

Poorly immunogenic antigens paired with a protein that is highly immunogenic (adjuvant) are known as what type of vaccine?

A

conjugate vaccine

28
Q

BCG is what type of vaccine?

A

Heterotypic Vaccines

29
Q

Pathogens that infect other animals but do not cause disease or cause mild disease in humans are known as what type of vaccine?

A

Heterotypic Vaccines

30
Q

vaccines come in which 2 forms?

A

Monovalent

Multivalent

31
Q

advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Advantages:
Stable
Constituents clearly defined
Unable to cause the infection

Disadvantages
Need several doses
Local reactions common 
Adjuvant needed
keeps vaccine at injection site
activates antigen presenting cells

Shorter lasting immunity

32
Q

advantages and disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

A

Advantages
Single dose often sufficient to induce long-lasting immunity
May stimulate response to multiple protective antigens
Strong immune response evoked
Local and systemic immunity produced – Activation of all components of immune system

Disadvantages
Potential to revert to virulence
Can cause illness directly
Contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients
Interference by viruses or vaccines and passive antibody
Poor stability
Potential for contamination

33
Q

list 6 components of vaccines?

give examples / their use

A

Active Component/Antigens
Adjuvants
Antibiotics

Stabilizers
Trace components
Preservatives

34
Q

what is the role of stabilisers in vaccines?

A

Help maintain effectiveness during storage

Factors affecting stability – Temperature, pH\

35
Q

what is the role of adjuvants in vaccines?

A

Highly heterogeneous group of compounds with the ability to enhance immune response

36
Q

what is the role of preservatives in vaccines?

A

Particularly in multidose vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal growth
E.g. Thiomersal

37
Q

what is the role of antibiotics in vaccines?

A

(In trace amounts) Used during manufacturing phase to prevent bacterial and fungal growth
E.g. MMR <25micrograms of neomycin

38
Q

give examples of trace components in vaccines?

A

Formaldehyde – used to inactivate viruses and detoxify bacterial toxins
A purification process during production removes almost all formaldehyde

39
Q

list 3 Determinants of primary vaccine antibody response?

A

Vaccine type

Antigen nature

Vaccine schedule; when it is received and the intervals inbetween

40
Q

In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response,

which produces a higher antibody response; live or attenuated vaccines?

why?

A

live vaccines

due to higher antigen response and longer persistence

41
Q

In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response,

which produces a higher antibody response;
protein or polyssachride vaccines?

why?

A

protein / glycoconjugate vaccines

due to T cell recruitment

42
Q

In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response,

what is the effect of antigen dose?

A

higher doses generates greater Ab response

43
Q

In determinants of primary vaccine antibody response,

which produces a higher antibody response;
protein or polyssachride ANTIGENS?

A

protein

44
Q

which has a longer duration of protection post-vaccination live or inactivated vaccines?

A

live

45
Q

which vaccine can you not get if have anaphylactic hypersensitivity to egg products?

A

Influenza vaccine

possibly; live vaccines too

46
Q

When are LIVE vaccines contraindicated?

A

previous anaphylactic reaction TO THE vaccine/ its component

Pregnant!

Immunocompromised!

47
Q

which vaccine causes Acute Arthritis?

A

rubella

48
Q

which vaccine causes Poliomyelitis

A

OPV

oral polio not inactivated one

49
Q

which vaccines possibly cause guillaine barre?

A

T/DT/Td

OPV/IPV

50
Q

which vaccine causes Thrombocytopenia?

A

measles

51
Q

What is a probable side effect of the DTP vaccine?

A

Encephalopathy

Shock

52
Q

To eliminate a disease the effective R0 needs to be __ ?

A

<1

53
Q

what are the Prerequisites for successful disease eradication?

A

No animal reservoir

Antigenically stable pathogen with only one (or small number of) strains

No latent reservoir of infection and no integration of pathogen genetic material into host genome

Vaccine must induce a lasting and effective immune response

High coverage required for very contagious pathogens

54
Q

A single dose offers around 95% protection
Two doses offer >99% protection

for which vaccine?

A

Measles

measles/rubella

55
Q

when were measles and rubella eradicated in the uk?

A

The WHO confirmed that the UK achieved elimination status for

rubella in 2016

measles in 2017

Path - Microbiology (27 decks)

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