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path - microbiology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 targets of antibiotics/microbials?

A

Peptidoglycan layer of cell wall (1)

Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis (2)

DNA gyrase and other prokaryote-specific enzymes (3)

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2
Q

What 2 groups of antimicrobials inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  1. B-lactam antibiotics

2. Glycopeptides

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3
Q

Name examples of drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis from the b-lactam group

A

Penicillin i.e. amoxicillin

Cephalosporin i.e. cefuroxime

Carbapenems i.e. Meropenem

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4
Q

what class of drug is teicoplanin?

A

glycopeptide

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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5
Q

what class of drug is vancomycin?

A

glycopeptide

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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6
Q

Streptococci are what type of bacteria?

A

gram positive

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7
Q

which is the most active beta lactam drug subclass?

A

penicillin

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8
Q

which has the thin peptidoglycan wall?

A

gram NEGATIVE bacteria

remember: negative = less peptidoglycan

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9
Q

which drug class inactivates / mainly targets transpeptidases?

A

B lactams i.e. Penicillin etc

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10
Q

Can B-lactams be used against mycoplasma?

A

No as no peptidoglycan

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11
Q

which penicillin is not broken down by S aureus

A

flucoxacillin

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12
Q

what is a beta-lactamase?

A

made by S aureus

breaks down most pencillins

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13
Q

Can B-lactams be used against chlamydia?

A

No as no peptidoglycan

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14
Q

clavulanic acid is what class of drug?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitors

protect penicillins from breakdown by beta-lactamase

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15
Q

Tazobactam is what class of drug?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitors

protect penicillins from breakdown by beta-lactamase

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16
Q

which drugs work for gram negatives?

A

Cephalosporins (3rd gens in particular)

so other b-lactams are gram positive cover

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17
Q

A patient present with meningitis which drug class to use and why?

A

Cephalosporins for gram neg cover

particularly - CEFTRIAXONE

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18
Q

What is an Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)?

A

breakdown cephalosporins as well as penicillins

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19
Q

What drugs used against ESBL?

A

cephalosporins i.e. morepenem

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20
Q

which drug class are:
Imipenem
Ertapenem

A

cephalosporins

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21
Q

which drugs are bactericidal?

A

b lactams

glycopepetides

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22
Q

glycopeptides cover gram __ bacteria?

A

positive

remember - peptide = large = can’t cross

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23
Q

oral vancomycin is what class of drug and treatment example?

A

Glycopeptide

C difficile

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24
Q

what prevents glycosidic bonds and peptide cross links from forming?

A

glycopeptides

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25
Q

how are glycopeptides different from b lactams

A

bind to the binding site of the enzymes rather than enzymes themselves

26
Q

TAMCO group of drugs work via which mechanism of action?

A

inhibit protein synthesis

27
Q

TAMCO stands for?

A 
• Tetracyclines 
• Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin)
• The MSL Group
		○ Macrolides (e.g. erythromycin)
		etc
• Chloramphenicol
• Oxazolidinones
28
Q

amikacin is what type of drug?

A

aminoglycoside

29
Q

tobramycin is what type of drug?

A

aminoglycoside

30
Q

which drug class is ototoxic and nephrotoxic

A

aminoglycosides

glycopeptides - nephro

31
Q

aminoglycosides won’t work against?

A

anaerobes i.e. Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

abscesses

32
Q

patient with pseudomonas aeroginosa which drug to use?

A

Gentamicin or tobramycin

fluorquinolones i.e. ciproflocaxin

33
Q

which drugs prevent elongation of peptide chain?

A

aminoglycosides

34
Q

which drug NOT to give to pregnant women and kids?.

A

tetracycline

35
Q

Which drug is effective against intracellular pathogens (e.g. Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae and Mycoplasmas)

A

tetracycline

36
Q

tetracycline works via what MOA?

A

bacteriostatic

37
Q

patient gets light sensitive rash AND teeth discolouration what drug have they taken?

A

tetracycline

38
Q

which drug binds to the ribosomal 30S subunit?

A

tetracycline

39
Q

which drug binds to the ribosomal 50S subunit?

A

Macrolides

40
Q

which drug binds to the peptidyl transferase OF the ribosomal 50S subunit?

A

chloramphenicol

stops peptide bond formation

41
Q

tetracycline macrolide chloramphenicol have which MOA in common?

A

bacteriostatic

42
Q

which drug may cause thrombocytopaenia and optic neuritis

A

Oxazolidinones (E.g. Linezolid)

43
Q

which 2 drug classes act as Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis

A

• (flour)Quinolones
○ Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
• Nitroimidazoles
○ Metronidazole, Tinidazole

44
Q

which drug class Act on the alpha-subunit of DNA gyrase ?

A

flouroQuinolones

45
Q

flouroQuinolones act on gram __ bacteria?

A

negative

46
Q

which drugs are active against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa?

A

Nitroimidazoles i.e Metronidazole, Tinidazole

47
Q

which drug concentrates in the bladder?

A

nitrofurantoin

48
Q

Which drug should NEVER be used as a single agent
because resistance develops rapidly
due to chromosomal mutation?

A

Rifampicin

49
Q

Which drugs acts as Cell Membrane Toxins?

A

Daptomycin and Colistin

50
Q

Sulphonamides and Diaminopyrimidines work via which MOA?

A

Inhibitors of Folate Metabolism

examples are;
sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim

51
Q

Beta-lactamases are a major mechanism of resistance to beta-lactams adopted by which organisms?

A

s. aureus
e.COLI
Klebsiella’s

52
Q

which organisms causes resistance through coding PBP2a through the meta gene?

A

MRSA

53
Q

which organisms causes resistance through mutations in the PBP gene?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

54
Q

which drug is Rarely used because risk of aplastic anaemia and grey baby syndrome ?

A

chloramphenicol

55
Q

which drug turns contacts orange?

A

rifampicin

56
Q

name 2 abx for use in c diff rx?

A

1st - PO Metronidazole (can give IV if severe)

PO Vancomycin (no IV)
 - if above fails
57
Q

non drug rx for c dpi??

A

faecal transfer
colon resection
IVIG - because the young can make antibodies against c diff.

58
Q

possible abx rx for ESBL e.coli?

A

mirapenem

59
Q

possible abx rx for MRSA

A

Vancomycin

60
Q

rx for PCP?

A

Co-trimoxazole + high dose steroid

61
Q

in PCP patients classically presnet how?

A

SOB
Desaturate on walking (O2 sats drop)
Dry cough

62
Q

which antibiotics are most implicated as causes of c diff?

essential knowldege for ID rotations!

A

Cephalosporins (especially second and third generation) - Ceftriaxone!!

Fluoroquinolones - levofloxacin

Ampicillin/amoxicillin

Clindamycin

path - microbiology (27 decks)

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