back and vertebral column

Question 1

what makes up the vertebral column

Answer 1

skeleton of back and neck
33 individual vertebrae and vertebral discs
made up of 5 regions

Question 2

functions of the vertebral column

Answer 2

Weight-bearing
Protection
Movement
Site of muscle attachments

Question 3

weight bearing in the vertebral column

Answer 3

Carries & transmits weight from upper body down to the lower limbs

Question 4

what is the main function of the vertebral bodies

Answer 4

weight bearing

Question 5

what happens to vertebral size going from superior to inferior

Answer 5

increase in size

Question 6

shock absorption is provided by what

Answer 6

curvatures and intervertebral discs

Question 7

function of spinal curvatures

Answer 7

provide flexible support and shock absorbing resilience

Question 8

types of spinal curvatures

Answer 8

cervical and lumbar lordoses
thoracic and sacral kyphoses

Question 9

when do cervical and lumber lordoses develop

Answer 9

during infancy

Question 10

when do thoracic and sacral kyphoses develop

Answer 10

already present in fetus

Question 11

types of abnormal curvatures

Answer 11

excessive thoracic kyphosis (e.g osteoperosis)
excessive lumbar lordosis (e.g pregnancy)
scoliosis

Question 12

types of vertebrae

Answer 12

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

Question 13

function of intervertebral discs

Answer 13

shock absorption

Question 14

components of intervertebral discs

Answer 14

central core (nucleus pulposus) with high water content surrounded by rings of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus)

Question 15

what are the meninges

Answer 15

coverings of the spinal cord

Question 16

breakdown of the meninges

Answer 16

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter
cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space

Question 17

movement in the back

Answer 17

extension and flexion
lateral flexion lateral extension
rotation of the head and neck
rotation of the upper trunk

Question 18

joints of the vertebral column

Answer 18

symphysis
synovial plane
synovial ellipsoid
synovial pivot

Question 19

what type of joint is found in intervertebral discs

Answer 19

symphysis

Question 20

what type of joint are facet joints

Answer 20

synovial plane (between adjacent vertebrae)

Question 21

what type of joints are found in skull and atlas

Answer 21

synovial ellipsoid

Question 22

what type of joints are found in atlas and axis

Answer 22

synovial pivot

Question 23

what are the atlas and axis

Answer 23

C1 and C2

Question 24

what is the vertebral canal

Answer 24

vertebral foramen stacked

Question 25

describe lateral flexion

Answer 25

flexion away from the median line

Question 26

describe lateral extension

Answer 26

extension back to the midline

Question 27

types of ligaments in vertebral column

Answer 27

posterior longitudinal
anterior longitudinal
ligamentum flavum
interspinous
suraspinous

Question 28

extrinsic back muscles attach to…

Answer 28

head
limbs
thorax
abdomen

Question 29

what are erector spinae

Answer 29

intrinsic back muscles

Question 30

function of erector spinae

Answer 30

extension, lateral flexion and controlling flexion

Question 31

what happens with weakness of back muscles

Answer 31

imbalanced loading of the spine
back pain

Question 32

what happens with dehydration of intervertebral discs

Answer 32

reduced shock absorption

Question 33

what does osteoarthritis cause

Answer 33

pain and stiffness of joints

Question 34

what does osteoporosis cause

Answer 34

compression fractures altering the curvature of the spine