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Question 1

What are the two components of intervertebral dics?

Answer 1

• annulus fibrosis

- nucleus pulposus

Question 2

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 2

Where the annulus fibrosis ruptures and the nucleus pulposus slips out

Question 3

3 main ligaments of the vertebral column?

Answer 3

• anterior longitudinal ligament
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• ligamentum flavum

Question 4

What is ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 4

Attaches from cervical to occipital protuberance. Allows for muscle attachment

Question 5

How does the ligamentum nuchae allow for muscle attachment?

Answer 5

Due to protrusion posterity

Question 6

Where is the annulus fibrosis anatomically thinner?

Answer 6

Posterolateral

Question 7

What are the three layers of back muscles?

Answer 7

1. Superficial muscles
2. Intermediate muscles
3. Deep muscles

Question 8

What are the two main superficial muscles?

Answer 8

• trapezius

- latissimus Dorsi

Question 9

What is the main intermediate muscle?

Answer 9

Serratus posterior

Question 10

What are the two groups of deep muscles?

Answer 10

1. Erector spinae

2. Transversospinalis

Question 11

Where is the Transversospinalis muscles located?

Answer 11

Between transverse and spinous process of vertebrae

Question 12

What are the 4 main palpable Bony structures?

Answer 12

1. Vertebra prominens (tip of c7)
2. Thoracic spinous process
3. Spine of scapula which aligns with T3
4. Sacral triangle where the base is S2 and apex at S3

Question 13

Is the narrowing of the vertebral canal normal?

Answer 13

Yes due to variation

Question 14

Where does the spinal chord start and finish?

Answer 14

Begins at foramen magnum at medulla oblongata and conus medullaris terminates at L1/2

Question 15

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 15

Group of nerves coming from the spinal chord. Looks like a horses tail

Question 16

What are the 3 main parts of the spinal nerve

Answer 16

2 roots
Body
2 rami

Question 17

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord

Answer 17

• Anterior spinal artery

- 2 posterior spinal arteries

Question 18

What are the meninges of the spinal cord?

Answer 18

1. Pia mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Dura mater

Question 19

What is the periradicular recess?

Answer 19

Subarachnoid space around the spinal cord filled with CSF

Question 20

What is the cauda equina formed by?

Answer 20

Numerous roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
- each root is covered by Pia mater

Question 21

What is the filum terminale?

Answer 21

extension of Pia mater that anchors down the conus medullaris and cauda equina

Question 22

What are the structures contained in the vertebral canal superior to L1?

Answer 22

• spinal cord
• meninges
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• internal vertebral Venous plexus
• epidural fat

Question 23

What are the structures contained in the vertebral canal inferior to L1?

Answer 23

• cauda equina
• meninges
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• internal vertebral venous plexus
• epidural fat

Question 24

What is contained the the epidural space?

Answer 24

• epidural fat
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• internal vertebral venous plexus

Question 25

What does the intervertebral foramen approximate the same length as the

Answer 25

Space where the body of the spinal nerve

Question 26

What are the radicular arteries?

Answer 26

Supply blood to the vertebral body and epidural space