B9 Respiration Flashcards
What happens during aerobic respiration?
glucose reacts with oxygen, transfers energy to cells to use for bodily functions
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
What type of reaction is an Aerobic reaction?
Exothermic reaction-> transfer energy to the environment
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondria
What are Mitochondria?
- tiny rod shaped organelle
- found in almost all plant, animal, fungal, algal cells
- folded inner membrane: large SA for enzymes in Aerobic respiration
- number of mitochondria in a cell show how active you are
What do organisms use the energy supplied from respiration for?
- Build large molecules from smaller molecules for new cell material (synthesis reactions)
- Break down larger molecules to smaller
- Make muscles contract (heart beat, stomach churn) (animals)
- Constant internal body temp (mammals + birds)
- Move mineral ions (nitrates into root hair cells, convert sugars + nitrates + nutrients into amino acids -> proteins) (Plants)
What is Muscle tissue + how does it work?
Made up of protein fibres, contracts when energy is transferred from respiration
- muscle fibres need lots of energy to contract
- contain many mitochondria for aerobic respiration
- contract in big groups to cause moment, allowing other muscles to work
- store glucose as glycogen (converted during exercise)
What is the response of the body during exercise?
- many muscles contract harder + faster, need more glucose + oxygen for respiration
- produce increased amounts of CO2, needs to be removed to work effectively
When muscular activity increases (during exercise), how does the body change?
- heart rate increases, arteries supplying blood to muscles dilate-> increase rate of oxygen + glucose supply for increased cellular respiration needed and increases removal rate of CO2
- breathing rate increases + deeper breaths, bring more air into lungs, increase oxygen in body + in red blood cells to muscles, removing CO2 more quickly from blood to lungs, breathed out
- glycogen is converted back to glucose, supply cells with fuel for increased cellular respiration-
What are the aims of the bodily responses to exercise?
- increase rate of supply of glucose + oxygen to muscles
- increase rate of removal of CO2 from muscles
What is Anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen
- occurs during exercise
- leads to incomplete breakdown of glucose
What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration?
glucose-> lactic acid
Why is Anaerobic respiration less efficient than Aerobic respiration?
glucose molecules are not broken down completely-> less energy is transferred
What happens if muscles work for a long time?
- become fatigued, don’t efficiently contract
- if there is a lack of oxygen, they will anaerobically respire
Why can muscled become fatigued?
- Build up of lactic acid (produced by anaerobic respiration)
- can cause Oxygen Debt
How is Lactic acids removed from the body?
- has to be broken down by oxygen, produces CO2 + water
- results in puffing and panting to pay off oxygen debt
What is the reaction equation for anaerobic respiration in plants + yeast?
glucose-> ethanol + carbon dioxide
What is the name for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?
Fermentation
- used to make alcohol, bread
What is the metabolism of an organism?
the sum of all reactions that take place in a cell or body
How is the energy transferred in respiration used by the organism
- heat the environment
- continual enzyme-controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules
What are some examples of metabolic reactions?
- conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
- reactions of respiration
- reactions of photosynthesis
- breakdown of excess proteins in the liver to form urea for excretion in the urine, by the kidneys
What is the liver?
a large reddish, brownish organ
- cells grow and regenerate rapidly
What are metabolic functions of the liver
- detoxifying poisonous substances (ethanol in alcoholic drinks)
- passing breakdown products into blood-> excreted in urine via kidneys
- breaking down old, worn out blood cells and storing iron until need to synthesise more blood cells
How does the body get rid of the lactic acid?
- blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver
- converted back into glucose
- repays oxygen debt once all the glucose is broken down in aerobic respiration to form CO2 and water
What is the Hepatic Vein?
carries blood from liver to the heart (levels of food adjusted)
What is the Hepatic Portal Vein?
carries blood containing digested food from intestines to the liver
What is the Hepatic Artery?
brings oxygenated blood to the liver
