Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > B4 Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 Organising animals and plants Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Dissolved substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the functions of blood plasma?

A
  • yellow liquid
  • transports blood cells + substances around body
  • waste CO2 carried from cells to lungs
  • Urea (from liver), carried to kidneys, from blood to urine
  • small soluble products of digestion pass to plasma from small intestine to cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  • more rbc than any type of blood cell
  • take oxygen from air in lungs, to cells
  • biconcave shape, increase SA to V ration for diffusion
  • Haemoglobin (red pigment), binds to oxygen
  • no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is oxygen transported from red blood cells to body cells?

A

lungs- Haemoglobin binds to oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
body tissues- oxyhaemoglobin splits to haemoglobin and oxygen, releases oxygen to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A
  • bigger than red blood cells, less of them in blood
  • nucleus
  • part of body defence system against harmful microorganisms
  • lymphocytes form antibodies against microorganisms, form antitoxins
  • phagocytes engulf + digest invading bacteria/viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
  • help blood clot at wounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process of blood clotting?

A

series of enzyme-controlled reactions
- convert fibrinogen into fibrin
- network of protein fibres, capture rbc + morre platelets
- form clot, stops bleeding
- scab protects new growing skin, stops bacteria entering body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes up the human circulatory system?

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels in the body?

A

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What direction to arteries carry blood?

A

OX blood, Away from the heart, towards body organs
- pulmonary artery= DEOX blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What direction to veins carry blood?

A

OX blood, INto the heart, from body organs
- pulmonary vein= DEOX blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of capilliaries?

A
  • huge network of tiny vessels
  • link the arteries and the veins
  • thin walls, easy diffusion (oxygen, glucose, CO2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the features of arteries?

A
  • Thick walls
  • Small lumen
  • Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of veins?

A
  • Thin walls
  • Large lumen
  • often have valves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A
  • 1 cell thick walls
  • tiny vessel
  • narrow lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Double circulatory system?

A

The separation of 2 systems where one carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back, and the other carried blood from the heart to all other organs of the body and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does leaky valves have on a person?

A
  • valves become stiff, do not open fully. Heart is less efficient
  • become breathless, can die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are mechanical valves?

A

man made valves
ie titanium, polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are biological valves?

A

valves from pigs, cows or humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the pos/neg of Mechanical valves?

A

P- long lasting
N- life long medication, prevent blood clotting around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the pos/neg of Biological valves?

A

P- work very well, no medication needed
N- only last 12-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an Artificial pacemaker?

A

An electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate
- implanted into chest, wires running to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a Natural Pacemaker?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium that control the resting heartbeat of a human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the effects of a faulty N pacemaker?

A

Too slow- not enough oxygen
Too fast- doesn’t pump blood properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A
  • Light
  • attached to heart by 2 wires
  • sends strong, regular electrical signals to heart, stimulating it to beat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the pos/neg of Artificial pacemakers?

A

P- increase quality of life + length of life
N- regular medical checkups throughout life

28
Q

Why do many people die waiting for a heart transplant?

A

They need a donor heart that is a tissue match, hard to find

29
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

temporary hearts, can support natural hearts until replacement

30
Q

What are the pos/neg of artificial hearts?

A

P- lead a more normal life, higher chance of living until surgery, give diseased heart a rest
N- lots of machinery to work, may have to stay in hospital until transplant, risk of blood clotting (death), high costs to develop

31
Q

How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen?

A

Coronary arteries

32
Q

What is the process of the heart pumping blood?

A
  • blood enters atria: right- vena cava, deox. left- pulmonary vein, ox
  • atria contract, force blood down ventricles, valves close (prevent backflow)
  • ventricles contract, force blood out: right- pulmonary artery, deox to lungs. left- aorta, ox to body organs
  • flows to organs, comes back to heart, blood re enters atria
33
Q

Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

allows left ventricle to develop pressure needed to force blood around the body

34
Q

How does coronary heart disease affect blood flow through the heart?

A
  • coronary arteries build up fatty material, become narrow, supply less blood to heart.
  • cause pain, heart attack, death
35
Q

What is a stent?

A

metal mesh placed in the artery to hold the blood vessel open

36
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A
  • replace narrow or blocked coronary arteries with vein
  • works where stents cannot be used
  • can be expensive, risky
37
Q

What are statins?

A
  • reduce blood cholesterol levels, slow down rate of fatty build up and reduce risk of coronary heart disease
38
Q

Where are the lungs found and what are they protected by?

A

found- thorax
protected- ribcage

39
Q

How are the lungs separated from the rest of the body?

A

the diaphragm- strong sheet of muscle

40
Q

What are the different types of plant tissue?

A

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem tissue

41
Q

What is the uses for each of the plant tissues?

A

Epidermal tissue- covers + protects surfaces, secrete waxy substances to waterproof leaf

Palisade mesophyll tissue- contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll tissue- contains some chloroplasts, big air spaces + large SA for easy diffusion

Xylem + Phloem- transport substances around plants

Meristem tissue- rapidly diving plant cells, grow and differentiate to all other cell types (found in growing roots and shoots tips)

42
Q

What is the role of Xylem?

A

carry water + dissolved mineral ions from roots to the stem and leaves

43
Q

What is the role of Phloem?

A

transport dissolves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including areas of growth and storage (for winter)

44
Q

What are the different plant organs + their roles?

A

Leaf- carries out photosynthesis

Stem- supports leaves + flowers

Roots- take up water + minerals from soil

45
Q

What do the Roots, Stems and Leaves form to make?

A

An organ system- transport of substances around the plant

46
Q

What is the order of tissues in a leaf? (top to bottom)

A

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis- stomata, guard cells

47
Q

What is Translocation?

A

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

48
Q

Why is transport in plants so important?

A

-All cells need glucose for respiration and materials for growth
- mineral ions (water) : production of protein + molecules within cells
- water for photosynthesis, hold itself upright

49
Q

How does a young plant/soft stemmed plant hold itself upright, in terms of water?

A
  • cell has plenty of water, vacuole presses cytoplasm up against cell wall
  • pressure gives support to young plants + leaf structure
50
Q

What are Stomata + what is their role?

A
  • small openings on the leaf
  • can be opened when a plant needs to allow air into/out the leaf
  • allowing carbon dioxide in when letting water vapour out
51
Q

What are Guard cells?

A

cells that control the size, and opening/closing of stomata

52
Q

How is a concentration gradient maintained in a leaf?

A
  • CO2 from atmosphere diffuses into air spaces, into leaf, down a concentration gradient
  • Oxygen (from photosynthesis) leaves by diffusion into air
  • maintains a concentration gradient
53
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from the surface of plant leaves

54
Q

What do stomata and guard cells control?

A

gas exchange and water loss
- important guard cells can close, to reduce the loss of water vapour

55
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Water evaporates from the surface of the leaves, more water is pulled up the xylem
- driven by water evaporation from leaves

56
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Temperature, Humidity, Amount of Air Movement, Light Intensity

57
Q

Why does increasing rate of photosynthesis increase rate of transpiration?

A
  • more stomata open to let carbon dioxide in
  • increases rate water is lost by evaporation + diffusion
58
Q

Why does increasing rate of evaporation increase rate of transpiration?

A
  • Hot, dry, windy conditions increase rate of transpiration (more water evaporation, quicker diffusion)
    -dry: concentration gradient is steeper, quick diffusion of water vapour
    -windy: removes water from leaf as it diffuses
59
Q

How does temperature increase the rate of transpiration?

A
  • molecules more faster as temp increases, more rapid diffusion
  • rate of photosynthesis increases, more stomata open
60
Q

How do plants control water loss whilst maximising photosynthesis?

A
  • waxy waterproof cuticle layer, prevent uncontrollable water loss
  • most stomata on the underside (protect from sun energy + direct light)
  • wilting (leaves collapse + hang down, reduces SA for water loss by evaporation)
  • Stomata close, stop photosynthesis + risk overheating BUT most prevents water loss + further wilting)
61
Q

What conditions does a plant need to stop wilting ?

A

Temperature drop, sun goes in/night time, rains

62
Q

What is the job of the ventilation system?

A
  • move air in and out of lungs
  • provides efficient surface for gas exchange in alveoli
63
Q

How does ventilating the lungs occur?

A

Contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles, change pressure in chest cavity, air is forced in or out of lungs due to difference in pressure

64
Q

How does air enter the lungs (breathing in) in terms of pressure?

A
  • atmospheric air at higher pressure than chest, air drawn into lungs
  • increased volume= lower pressure in chest
  • ribs move up and out, diaphragm flattens, volume of chest increases
65
Q

How does air exit the lungs (breathing out) in terms of pressure?

A
  • pressure in chest is higher than outside, air is forced out of lungs
  • decreased volume = increased pressure in chest
  • ribs fall, diaphragm moves up, volume of chest decreases
66
Q

How are lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Alveoli
- large SA, efficient diffusion of oxygen + CO2
- good blood supply from capillaries, maintain steep concentration gradient (rapid + effective gas exchange)
- 1 cell thick layer between air and blood in capillaries (short diffusion distance)

GCSE Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions