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GCSE Biology > B4 Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Dissolved substances

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2
Q

What is the functions of blood plasma?

A
  • yellow liquid
  • transports blood cells + substances around body
  • waste CO2 carried from cells to lungs
  • Urea (from liver), carried to kidneys, from blood to urine
  • small soluble products of digestion pass to plasma from small intestine to cells
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3
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  • more rbc than any type of blood cell
  • take oxygen from air in lungs, to cells
  • biconcave shape, increase SA to V ration for diffusion
  • Haemoglobin (red pigment), binds to oxygen
  • no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
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4
Q

How is oxygen transported from red blood cells to body cells?

A

lungs- Haemoglobin binds to oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
body tissues- oxyhaemoglobin splits to haemoglobin and oxygen, releases oxygen to cells

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5
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells?

A
  • bigger than red blood cells, less of them in blood
  • nucleus
  • part of body defence system against harmful microorganisms
  • lymphocytes form antibodies against microorganisms, form antitoxins
  • phagocytes engulf + digest invading bacteria/viruses
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6
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
  • help blood clot at wounds
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7
Q

What is the process of blood clotting?

A

series of enzyme-controlled reactions
- convert fibrinogen into fibrin
- network of protein fibres, capture rbc + morre platelets
- form clot, stops bleeding
- scab protects new growing skin, stops bacteria entering body

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8
Q

What makes up the human circulatory system?

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

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9
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels in the body?

A

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

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10
Q

What direction to arteries carry blood?

A

OX blood, Away from the heart, towards body organs
- pulmonary artery= DEOX blood

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11
Q

What direction to veins carry blood?

A

OX blood, INto the heart, from body organs
- pulmonary vein= DEOX blood

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12
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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13
Q

What is the function of capilliaries?

A
  • huge network of tiny vessels
  • link the arteries and the veins
  • thin walls, easy diffusion (oxygen, glucose, CO2)
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14
Q

What are the features of arteries?

A
  • Thick walls
  • Small lumen
  • Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre
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15
Q

What are the features of veins?

A
  • Thin walls
  • Large lumen
  • often have valves
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16
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A
  • 1 cell thick walls
  • tiny vessel
  • narrow lumen
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17
Q

What is a Double circulatory system?

A

The separation of 2 systems where one carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back, and the other carried blood from the heart to all other organs of the body and back

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18
Q

What effect does leaky valves have on a person?

A
  • valves become stiff, do not open fully. Heart is less efficient
  • become breathless, can die
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19
Q

What are mechanical valves?

A

man made valves
ie titanium, polymers

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20
Q

What are biological valves?

A

valves from pigs, cows or humans

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21
Q

What are the pos/neg of Mechanical valves?

A

P- long lasting
N- life long medication, prevent blood clotting around it

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22
Q

What are the pos/neg of Biological valves?

A

P- work very well, no medication needed
N- only last 12-15 years

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23
Q

What is an Artificial pacemaker?

A

An electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate
- implanted into chest, wires running to heart

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24
Q

What is a Natural Pacemaker?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium that control the resting heartbeat of a human

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25
Q

What are the effects of a faulty N pacemaker?

A

Too slow- not enough oxygen
Too fast- doesn’t pump blood properly

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26
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A
  • Light
  • attached to heart by 2 wires
  • sends strong, regular electrical signals to heart, stimulating it to beat
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27
Q

What are the pos/neg of Artificial pacemakers?

A

P- increase quality of life + length of life
N- regular medical checkups throughout life

28
Q

Why do many people die waiting for a heart transplant?

A

They need a donor heart that is a tissue match, hard to find

29
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

temporary hearts, can support natural hearts until replacement

30
Q

What are the pos/neg of artificial hearts?

A

P- lead a more normal life, higher chance of living until surgery, give diseased heart a rest
N- lots of machinery to work, may have to stay in hospital until transplant, risk of blood clotting (death), high costs to develop

31
Q

How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen?

A

Coronary arteries

32
Q

What is the process of the heart pumping blood?

A
  • blood enters atria: right- vena cava, deox. left- pulmonary vein, ox
  • atria contract, force blood down ventricles, valves close (prevent backflow)
  • ventricles contract, force blood out: right- pulmonary artery, deox to lungs. left- aorta, ox to body organs
  • flows to organs, comes back to heart, blood re enters atria
33
Q

Why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

allows left ventricle to develop pressure needed to force blood around the body

34
Q

How does coronary heart disease affect blood flow through the heart?

A
  • coronary arteries build up fatty material, become narrow, supply less blood to heart.
  • cause pain, heart attack, death
35
Q

What is a stent?

A

metal mesh placed in the artery to hold the blood vessel open

36
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A
  • replace narrow or blocked coronary arteries with vein
  • works where stents cannot be used
  • can be expensive, risky
37
Q

What are statins?

A
  • reduce blood cholesterol levels, slow down rate of fatty build up and reduce risk of coronary heart disease
38
Q

Where are the lungs found and what are they protected by?

A

found- thorax
protected- ribcage

39
Q

How are the lungs separated from the rest of the body?

A

the diaphragm- strong sheet of muscle

40
Q

What are the different types of plant tissue?

A

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Spongy mesophyll tissue
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem tissue

41
Q

What is the uses for each of the plant tissues?

A

Epidermal tissue- covers + protects surfaces, secrete waxy substances to waterproof leaf

Palisade mesophyll tissue- contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll tissue- contains some chloroplasts, big air spaces + large SA for easy diffusion

Xylem + Phloem- transport substances around plants

Meristem tissue- rapidly diving plant cells, grow and differentiate to all other cell types (found in growing roots and shoots tips)

42
Q

What is the role of Xylem?

A

carry water + dissolved mineral ions from roots to the stem and leaves

43
Q

What is the role of Phloem?

A

transport dissolves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including areas of growth and storage (for winter)

44
Q

What are the different plant organs + their roles?

A

Leaf- carries out photosynthesis

Stem- supports leaves + flowers

Roots- take up water + minerals from soil

45
Q

What do the Roots, Stems and Leaves form to make?

A

An organ system- transport of substances around the plant

46
Q

What is the order of tissues in a leaf? (top to bottom)

A

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis- stomata, guard cells

47
Q

What is Translocation?

A

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

48
Q

Why is transport in plants so important?

A

-All cells need glucose for respiration and materials for growth
- mineral ions (water) : production of protein + molecules within cells
- water for photosynthesis, hold itself upright

49
Q

How does a young plant/soft stemmed plant hold itself upright, in terms of water?

A
  • cell has plenty of water, vacuole presses cytoplasm up against cell wall
  • pressure gives support to young plants + leaf structure
50
Q

What are Stomata + what is their role?

A
  • small openings on the leaf
  • can be opened when a plant needs to allow air into/out the leaf
  • allowing carbon dioxide in when letting water vapour out
51
Q

What are Guard cells?

A

cells that control the size, and opening/closing of stomata

52
Q

How is a concentration gradient maintained in a leaf?

A
  • CO2 from atmosphere diffuses into air spaces, into leaf, down a concentration gradient
  • Oxygen (from photosynthesis) leaves by diffusion into air
  • maintains a concentration gradient
53
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from the surface of plant leaves

54
Q

What do stomata and guard cells control?

A

gas exchange and water loss
- important guard cells can close, to reduce the loss of water vapour

55
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Water evaporates from the surface of the leaves, more water is pulled up the xylem
- driven by water evaporation from leaves

56
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Temperature, Humidity, Amount of Air Movement, Light Intensity

57
Q

Why does increasing rate of photosynthesis increase rate of transpiration?

A
  • more stomata open to let carbon dioxide in
  • increases rate water is lost by evaporation + diffusion
58
Q

Why does increasing rate of evaporation increase rate of transpiration?

A
  • Hot, dry, windy conditions increase rate of transpiration (more water evaporation, quicker diffusion)
    -dry: concentration gradient is steeper, quick diffusion of water vapour
    -windy: removes water from leaf as it diffuses
59
Q

How does temperature increase the rate of transpiration?

A
  • molecules more faster as temp increases, more rapid diffusion
  • rate of photosynthesis increases, more stomata open
60
Q

How do plants control water loss whilst maximising photosynthesis?

A
  • waxy waterproof cuticle layer, prevent uncontrollable water loss
  • most stomata on the underside (protect from sun energy + direct light)
  • wilting (leaves collapse + hang down, reduces SA for water loss by evaporation)
  • Stomata close, stop photosynthesis + risk overheating BUT most prevents water loss + further wilting)
61
Q

What conditions does a plant need to stop wilting ?

A

Temperature drop, sun goes in/night time, rains

62
Q

What is the job of the ventilation system?

A
  • move air in and out of lungs
  • provides efficient surface for gas exchange in alveoli
63
Q

How does ventilating the lungs occur?

A

Contraction and relaxation of intercostal muscles, change pressure in chest cavity, air is forced in or out of lungs due to difference in pressure

64
Q

How does air enter the lungs (breathing in) in terms of pressure?

A
  • atmospheric air at higher pressure than chest, air drawn into lungs
  • increased volume= lower pressure in chest
  • ribs move up and out, diaphragm flattens, volume of chest increases
65
Q

How does air exit the lungs (breathing out) in terms of pressure?

A
  • pressure in chest is higher than outside, air is forced out of lungs
  • decreased volume = increased pressure in chest
  • ribs fall, diaphragm moves up, volume of chest decreases
66
Q

How are lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Alveoli
- large SA, efficient diffusion of oxygen + CO2
- good blood supply from capillaries, maintain steep concentration gradient (rapid + effective gas exchange)
- 1 cell thick layer between air and blood in capillaries (short diffusion distance)

GCSE Biology (20 decks)

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