B8.1 - B8.4 Photosynthesis ✔️ Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis equation?

A

Carbon dioxide + water → (light) →glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis reaction?

A

Endothermic reaction in which energy (light) is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts

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3
Q

Leaf adaptions for photosynthesis?

A
  • leaves are thin - short diffusion distances
  • leaves contain pigment, called chlorophyll to absorb light
  • guard cells open and close the stomata to regulate gas exchange
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4
Q

Light affect on photosynthesis?

A

More light increases rate of photosynthesis

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5
Q

Temperature affect on photosynthesis?

A

Temperature rise - photosynthesis increases as reaction speeds up - too high enzymes denature and rate falls

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide affect on photosynthesis?

A

Increased photosynthesis - often most common limiting factor for plants

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7
Q

Chlorophyll levels affect on plants?

A

Less chlorophyll results in less photosynthesis

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8
Q

Light intensity and the inverse square law?

A

Distance of light increases then the light intensity decreases - inverse relationship

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9
Q

method for measuring rate of photosynthesis practical?

A

1) place pondweed in a tube of water - place test tube in water bath - (keep it at same temperature)

2)setup a light at 10cm from test tube - set a 1 min timer - count number of bubbles rising

3)repeat 3 times for an average - then repeat at different distances eg (20,30 ….)

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10
Q

Photosynthesis practical variables?

A

Dependent: rate of photosynthesis at different light intensity’s

Independent variable: light intensity - distance of light from pondweed

Control variable: Temperature and pondweed

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11
Q

Uses of glucose?

A
  • converted into insoluble starch for storage
  • used for respiration
  • used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
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12
Q

Why can glucose bs stored in large amounts?

A

Starch is in soluble in water - has no effect on the water balance of the plant - can be stored in large amounts

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13
Q

Where is starch stored?

A
  • Starch is stored in the cells of the leaves - provides and energy store when it is dark
    -kept in special storage areas of a plant eg tubers and bulbs - full of starch to help them survive through the winter
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14
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

using iodine solution - leaves have to be prepared - turns blue-black if starch is present from brown/orange

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15
Q

How do you prepare a leaf for iodine test?

A

boil the leaf in ethanol - destroys waxy cuticle and then remove the colour - rinse in hot water to soften - now add iodine solution

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16
Q

Why does leaf have to be treated before iodine test?

A
  • waterproof cuticle keeps iodine out
  • chlorophyll masks any colours changes
17
Q

how do plants produced proteins and why are proteins needed in plants?

A

glucose + sugars and nitrate ions and other mineral ions from the soil make amino acids - which are then built up into proteins and can then be used for respiration or as enzymes

18
Q

How do plants make lipids?

A

Use some glucose and energy transferred from respiration to build fats and oils used in the cell as energy stores … ext

19
Q

Pros of enhancing greenhouses for getting maximum rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • more crops produced
  • seed to harvest time is much shorter
  • less staff needed
  • cleaner crops
20
Q

Cons of enhancing greenhouses for getting maximum rate of photosynthesis - Give to drawbacks?

A
  • expensive to set up and expensive equipment
  • expensive to maintain conditions inside
21
Q

How is maximum growth achieved in special greenhouses?

A

by controlling all the factors - light, temperature, carbon levels and amount of mineral ions plant is getting - gives fastest possible rates of photosynthesis

22
Q

Symbol for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

23
Q

What is the limiting factor?

A

The factor which is in short supply and limits the amount of photosynthesis that can take place

24
Q

What does glucose provide?

A

Glucose is broken down using oxygen to provides energy for the cells - carbon dioxide and water are waste products of the reaction

25
Q

What is energy transferred by respiration used for - Give 3 ways?

A
  • converting glucose into starch
  • building smaller molecules into bigger molecules (eg making cellulose from carbohydrates)
  • making amino acids which are built up into proteins to make enzymes
26
Q

What is starch?

A

Main energy store in plants - and can be found in cells all over the plant (it is insoluble in water)

27
Q

What are 2 benefits of plants using starch over glucose?

A
  • glucose is soluble in water where as starch is insoluble not affecting water balance
  • starch is also a better form of glucose energy wise and is more compact so it can be stored in greater quantity
28
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

Use iodine solution test

29
Q

How to test for starch using iodine solution test?

A

1) take two leaves from a plant left in the dark for 24 hours and one left in the light for 24 hours

2) boil the leaf’s in ethanol - to destroy waxy cuticle and remove colour

3) rinse in hot water to soften

4) add iodine solution to both - will turn blue/black from orange/brown if starch is present

30
Q

Why can we not just add iodine solution to leaf’s to test for starch - explain 2 reasons?

A
  • waxy waterproof cuticle keeps the iodine out
  • green chlorophyll masks any colour changes
31
Q

How does algae make amino acids?

A

Algae makes amino acids through taking nitrate ions and other materials from the water they live in

32
Q

How to plants make proteins?

A

Plants use glucose from photosynthesis to make amino acids by combining sugars and nitrate ions which are built up into proteins

33
Q

Why are limiting factors important?

A

Limiting factors are important in the economics of enhancing the conditions in greenhouses to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while sill maintaining profit

34
Q

effect of decreased magnesium for plants?

A

lack of magnesium means leaf cant make chlorophyll - so rate of photosynthesis drops

35
Q

issues with plants storing glucose?

A

if stored in a plant it could affect how water moves in and out of cells - affecting the plants water balance

36
Q

what does starch present on a leave suggest?

A

Presence of starch on leaf gives evidence that photosynthesis has taken place

37
Q

what is the light intensity and the inverse square law equation ?

A

Light intensity = 1/distance ^2