B11.1 - B11.5 - Hormonal Coordination (set A)✔️

Question 1

What is the endocrine system and what does it compose of?

Answer 1

System is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream - hormones carried by the blood to a target organ where it produces an effect

Question 2

Two examples of rapid response hormones?

Answer 2

• insulin - controls your blood glucose
• adrenaline - prepares body for fight or flight

Question 3

Two exmaples of slow-acting hormones?

Answer 3

• growth hormones
• sex hormones

Question 4

What is the thermoregulatory center in the brain?

Answer 4

thermoregulatory centre monitors and controls the bodies temperature it is able to do this because it contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood - skin also contains temperature receptors aswell and sends nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

Question 5

What does the body do when temperatures are too high?

Answer 5

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat galnds - both these mechanisms cause a transfer of energy from the skin to the enviorment

Question 6

What does the body do when temperatures are too low?

Answer 6

Blood vessel constrict (vasoconstriction), sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver)

Question 7

Why do the skeletal muscles contract (shiver) when we are cold?

Answer 7

The energy that’s transfered to make your muscles produce shivers, gives off heat, helping to keep you a bit warmer

Question 8

Why do our bodies sweat to cool down?

Answer 8

takes energy to evaporate sweat off of your skin, and that energy is heat. As your excess body heat is used to convert beads of sweat into vapor, you start to cool down

Question 9

What is the pituirary gland? What is its function?

Answer 9

Called the ‘master gland’ which secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions - these hormones act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects

Question 10

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

Answer 10

Pancrease - manages and controls blood glucose concentrations

Question 11

What happens if the blood glucose concentration is to high?

Answer 11

The pancrease produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells - in the liver and muscles cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen

Question 12

Why do muscles cells and the liver convert excess glycose to glycogen?

Answer 12

Converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage until later use

Question 13

Role of the endocrine gland ‘thyroid’?

Answer 13

Controls metabolic rate of the body - metabolism in the process where the body changes food and drink into energy

Question 14

Role of the endocrine gland ‘pancrease’?

Answer 14

Controls glucose levels in the blood

Question 15

Role of the endocrine gland ‘adrenal’?

Answer 15

Prepares the body for stressful situations - ‘fight of flight’ response

Question 16

Role of the endocrine gland ‘Ovaries’?

Answer 16

Controls development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstural cycle

Question 17

Role of the endocrine gland ‘testes’?

Answer 17

Controls development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm

Question 18

How does the pancrease control glucose levels in the blood?

Answer 18

• Produces insulin when your blood glucose concentration rises (eg after you eaten a meal) - insulin alows glucose to move from the blood into your cells where it is used - soluble glucose is converted into insoluble glycogen - this results in your blood glucose staying stable
• releases glycagon when blood glucose concentrations decrease - converts stored glycogen to glucose and releases it into the blood

Question 19

Two main functions of insulin?

Answer 19

• converts soluble glucose into insoluble glycogen and controls its storage in the liver and muscles where it can later be converted back
• allows glucose to move from the blood into your cells where it is used

Question 20

What is Type 1 diabetes? Symptoms? Treatment?

Answer 20

A disorder in which the pancrease fails to produce sufficient insulin - characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections

Question 21

What is Type 2 diabetes? What are some treatments?

Answer 21

The body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancrease - carbohydrates controlled diet and frequent exercise are common treatments

Question 22

Example of 1 risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

• obesity

Question 23

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

Answer 23

You need replacement insulin before meals usually given as an injection to get into your blood which keeps blood glucose levels stable - you need to be careful about the levels of carbohydrates you eat and careful when exercising

Question 24

How is type 1 diabetes cured?

Answer 24

There is currently no cure - someone with Type 1 diabetes will have to inject insulin everyday for their life however there have been attempts at a cure with limited success eg pancrease transplant

Question 25

Issues with trying to cure Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

• pancrease transplants are difficult and risky with only a few hundred taking place a year in the uk
• patient exchanges one medecine (insulin) for another
• transplanting the pancreatic cells from both living and dead donors has had limited success

Question 26

Example of 4 ways to help treat Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

• eating a balanced diet with carefully controlled amounts of carbohydrates
• losing weight
• doing regular exercise
• drugs - to help pancrease make more insulin

Question 27

What does the pancrease do when blood glucose concentration are too low?

Answer 27

Produces the hormone glycagon that cause glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood

Question 28

What is a negative feedback system?

Answer 28

Whatever the inital change, in negative feedback the response causes the opposite

Question 29

What is the function of thyroxine? Where is it released? What feedback loop is it?

Answer 29

Prouced by the thyroid gland in your neck using idodine from your diet - it controls the basic metabolic rate of your body (how quickly substances are broken down and built up) and is important for growth and development - controlled by negative feedback

Question 30

What are the features of adrenaline? is it fast acting?

Answer 30

Released by your adrenal gland located at the top of your kidneys - it is carried rapidly around the body in the blood affecting many organs - not controlled by negative feedback

Question 31

4 examples of the effect of adrenaline?

Answer 31

• heart rate and breathing increase
• pupils in eyes dilate to let more light in
• blood diverted from digestive system to big muscles
• stored glycogen is converted to glyucose

Question 32

Effect of glycaogn?

Answer 32

Secreted by the pancrease when blood glucose concentrations are too low it makes your liver break down glycogen converting it back into glucose

Question 33

How are the bodies blood glucose levels kept constant?

Answer 33

Using a negative feedback control consisting of two hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Question 34

Give two uncontrollable ways water leaves the body?

Answer 34

• via the lungs during exhalation
• lost alongside ions and urea frm the skin in sweat

Question 35

How is ammonia formed in the body and why?

Answer 35

The digestion of proteins from the diet results in excess amino acids which need to be excreted safely - in the liver these amino acids are ‘deaminated’ to form ammonia which is toxic and immediately converted to urea for safe excretion

Question 36

Explain the function of the kidneys?

Answer 36

Produces urine by filtering the blood - it then reabsorbs all of the glucose, plus any minreal ions and water needed by your body - excess minreal ions, water and urea are removed in urine

Question 37

What is the bodies water ballance controlled by?

Answer 37

The negative feedback system containing the hormone ADH - changes the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney tubules - ADH is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain

Question 38

Explain in depth the process the bodies water balance is maintained?

Answer 38

• receptor cells in the brain detect the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma
• if blood becomes to concentrated lots of ADH is released into blood which causes the kidneys tubules to reabsorb much more water

Question 39

Effect of lots of ADH being released into the blood?

Answer 39

More water reabsorbed by kidney tubules - small volume of very concentrated urine and concentration of solutes in blood returns to normal

Question 40

Effect of less of ADH being released into the blood?

Answer 40

If solute concentration becomes to dilutes less ADH is released into blood - less water is reabsorbed produces a large volume of dilute urine - blood solute concentration returns to normal

Question 41

How can people with kidney failure be treated?

Answer 41

• organs transplant
• kidney dialysis