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BMB Test 1 > B7.016 Spinal Cord and Long Pathways > Flashcards

B7.016 Spinal Cord and Long Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

how are neurons organized?

A

functional pathways or systems
composed of multi-neuron chains
transmit info from one part of the nervous system to another
facilitated by synaptic transmission

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2
Q

afferent

A

toward CNS

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3
Q

efferent

A

away from CNS

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4
Q

ascending

A

information from lower to higher levels

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5
Q

descending

A

information from higher to lower levels

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6
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

voluntary motor

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7
Q

dorsal column / medial lemniscus

A

sensory touch

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8
Q

anterolateral / spinothalamic

A

pain

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9
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS (also fasciculus, lemniscus)

name of the tract often tells source and termination of axons

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10
Q

decussate

A

cross from one side of the brain to the other

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11
Q

somatotropy

A

adjacent structures in the body are represented by adjacent neurons in the CNS; contributes to regional specialization

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12
Q

organization of the dorsal column

A

sacral region most medial

cervical region most lateral

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13
Q

organization of the ventral column

A

sacral region most lateral
CS
ALS
cervical region most medial

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14
Q

relative lengths of spinal cords and vertebral column

A

spinal cord is much shorter

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15
Q

stain for cell bodies of neurons

A

Nissl Stain

gray matter stains darker because cell bodies congregate there

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16
Q

dorsal

A

sensory

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17
Q

ventral

A

motor

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18
Q

nucleus

A

group of cell bodies within the CNS

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19
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

area within dorsal horn with pain neuron synapses

contains many cell bodies, but very few axons (appears white with myelin staining)

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20
Q

white matter staining

A

stains dark when myelin stain is used

many axons run through the white matter

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21
Q

describe the structure of the corticospinal system

A

2 neuron pathway carrying information from the motor cortex to striated muscles
responsible for voluntary motor control

22
Q

2 neurons in the corticospinal system

A
  1. cortical motoneuron = upper motoneuron

2. alpha motoneuron = lower motoneuron

23
Q

upper motoneuron

A

in motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

axons terminate with monosynaptic connections on alpha motoneurons (within ventral horn of spinal cord)

24
Q

lower motoneuron

A

in ventral horn of spinal cord

axon projects through ventral root to striated muscle

25
Q

describe the decussation of the corticospinal pathways

A

pyramidal decussation

occurs at the cervicomedullary junction (caudal end of medulla)

26
Q

give a brief overview of the course of the corticospinal pathway

A
  1. precentral gyrus (motor cortex)
  2. posterior limb of internal capsule
  3. pyramidal decussation @ caudal end of medulla
  4. lateral corticospinal tract
  5. synapse in anterior horn of level of LMN
  6. LMN leaves through anterior root and travels to target muscle
27
Q

what happens when you damage neurons in the corticospinal pathway

A

loss of voluntary motor control of the body

-paralysis

28
Q

UMN damage

A

spastic paralysis

tone present

29
Q

LMN damage

A

flaccid paralysis

limp muscle

30
Q

relationship between deficit and site of lesion in corticospinal

A
  1. rostral to the decussation = contralateral
  2. caudal to the decussation = ipsilateral
  3. in spinal cord = caudal to lesion
31
Q

overview of somatosensory pathways

A 
information from periphery enters the spinal cord and ascends to the cortex
2 pathways:
1. dorsal column / medial lemniscus
-fine touch
-proprioception
-vibration
2. ALS/ spinothalamic 
-pain and temperature
-crude touch
32
Q

dorsal root divisions

A

medial division = large fibers, DC/ML

lateral division = small fibers, ALS

33
Q

characterize the DC/ML system

A 
sensory modalities:
-vibration
-proprioception
-discriminative touch
large diameter, myelinated fibers
rapidly conducting
high fidelity system
34
Q

characterize the ALS/spinothalamic system

A 
sensory modalities:
-pain
-temperature
small diameter myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
slowly conducting
35
Q

discuss the structure of the DC/ML pathway

A

three neurons
ascending pathway
carries fine touch, proprioception, and vibration information to the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

36
Q

anatomy of the primary DC/ML pathways

A

cell body of primary neuron located in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
peripheral (distal) process innervated skin, joint or muscle
central process terminates in the medulla in either the
-nucleus cuneatus (arm)
-nucleus gracilis (leg)
together, these are called the dorsal column nuclei
DRG axons form the dorsal columns in the spinal cord
-gracile fasiculus (medial, legs)
-cuneate fasiculus (lateral, arms)

37
Q

where is the site of decussation in the DC/ML pathway

A

medulla

38
Q

anatomy of the secondary DC/ML pathways

A

axons of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei decussate in the medulla and ascend to the thalamus (this bundle of axons is called the medial lemniscus)

39
Q

anatomy of the tertiary DC/ML pathways

A

axons in the medial lemniscus synapse in the ventral posterolateral (VPL)nucleus in the thalamus
VPL neurons send their axons to synapse in the primary somatosensory cortex

40
Q

nature of deficit when you damage the DC/ML pathway

A

loss of touch, vibration, proprioception from specific regions

41
Q

relationship between deficit and site of lesion in DC/ML

A
  1. rostral to the decussation = contralateral
  2. caudal to the decussation = ipsilateral
  3. in spinal cord = ipsilateral body surface, involving dermatomes at and below the level of the lesion
42
Q

discuss the structure of the ALS/ spinothalamic pathway

A

three neurons
ascending pathways
carries pain and temp info to the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

43
Q

anatomy of primary ALS/ spinothalamic pathway

A

cell body of primary neuron located in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
peripheral (distal) process of the DRG neuron innervates skin
central (proximal) process of DRG enters the spinal cord, ascends a level or two, and then synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa)

44
Q

anatomy of secondary ALS/ spinothalamic pathway

A

axons of the dorsal horn neurons decussate in the anterior white commissure
ascend to the thalamus in the spinothalamic tract, also called anterolateral pathway

45
Q

anatomy of tertiary ALS/ spinothalamic pathway

A

axons in the spinothalamic tract synapse in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus in the thalamus
VPL neurons send their axons to synapse in the primary somatosensory cortex

46
Q

nature of deficit when you damage the ALS/ spinothalamic pathway

A

loss of pain and temperature sensation from specific regions of the body

47
Q

relationship between deficit and site of lesion in ALS/ spinothalamic pathways

A
  1. rostral to the decussation = contralateral
  2. caudal to the decussation = ipsilateral
  3. in spinal cord = contralateral body surface, involving dermatomes at and below the level of the lesion
48
Q

which spinal cord level has the most white matter

A

cervical/ thoracic

49
Q

which spinal cord level has the most gray matter

A

sacral / lumbar

50
Q

SNS pathways from the spinal cord

A

thoracolumbar

51
Q

PNS pathways from the spinal cord

A

craniosacral

BMB Test 1 (29 decks)

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