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BMB Test 1 > B7.002 CNS Development and Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

B7.002 CNS Development and Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

when does neural development take place

A

begins 3 weeks post conception
continues throughout lifetime
after 20 primarily degenerative changes

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2
Q

what starts nervous system development

A

induction of the neural plate on day 18 by notochord signals

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3
Q

what is spina bifida

A

failure of the neural tube to close, results in failure of vertebral column to form correctly
can happen anywhere along the spine
nervous system can escape
causes damage to spinal cord and associated peripheral nerves

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4
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

no external evidence

neuro structures in the correct place, vertebrae just missing

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5
Q

meningocele

A

meninges escape via outpouching, but spinal cord remains in correct location

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6
Q

myelomeningocele

A

worst form of spina bifida

cord and meninges exit column resulting in neuro deficits

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7
Q

what is the notochord

A

structure just ventral to the neural plate
group of mesodermal cells that send chemical signal to the overlying ectoderm cells to begin differentiation into the neural plate (induction)

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8
Q

why do neural folds develop

A

due to proliferation nd elongation of epithelial cells in the neural plate

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9
Q

neural groove

A

formed as the neural folds move toward each other

located on the dorsal surface of the embryo

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10
Q

neural tube formation

A

neural plate cells pinch off to form neural tube, located underneath the ectoderm of the embryo
occurs first in the center of the embryo and extends rostral and caudal

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11
Q

neuropores

A

openings at each end of the developing neural tube

failure to close caudal one = spina bifida

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12
Q

anencephaly

A

failure of rostral neuropore closure and tissue differentiation
results in death

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13
Q

epidemiology of spina bifida

A

1/1000 births

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14
Q

screening for spina bifida

A

AFP - alpha fetoprotein
ultrasounds
amniocentesis
xray, MRI, or CT of spinal column

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15
Q

treatment / prevention of spina bifida

A

surgery corrects vertebral and spinal problems

folic acid can reduce incidence (400 mg per day)

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16
Q

neural crest cells

A

cells that originate lateral to the neural plate
pinched off during formation of the neural tube
migrate between ectoderm and neural tube

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17
Q

examples of neural crest derivatives

A

dorsal root ganglia
some neurons and all glial cells within the sensory ganglia of V, VII, IX, and X ganglia
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
pia and arachnoid
Schwann cells
melanocytes

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18
Q

what are neurocristopathies

A

diverse class of pathologies that arise from defects in tissues derived from the embryonic neural crest cell lineage

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19
Q

zones/layers of neural tube

A

innermost: ventricular zone
intermediate zone (mantle)
outermost: marginal zone

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20
Q

where does mitosis occur in the neural tube

A

ventricular zone (innermost)

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21
Q

discuss connections to the external and internal limiting membranes of the neural tube during development

A

most of the time, proliferating cells are connected to both membranes
during M phases, nuclei of dividing cells move toward internal limiting membrane and lose connection with external limiting membrane
this is why mitotic figures are in the ventricular zone

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22
Q

what happens to daughter cells after cell division takes place in the neural tube

A

move back toward external limiting membrane (interkinetic nuclear migration)

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23
Q

what happens after the last cell division of neurons

A

migrate out of ventricular layer and come to rest in intermediate (mantle) zone
neuronal birthday

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24
Q

is there neurogenesis in the adult brain

A

not really

vast majority occurs during embryogenesis in neural tube

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25
Q

effect of Zika virus

A

targeted developing neurons in pregnant women, causing microcephaly in newborns due to lack of neurons

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26
Q

appearance of neural tube at 4 weeks gestation

A

3 vesicle stage

  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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27
Q

appearance of neural tube at 5 weeks gestation

A 
5 vesicle stage (rostral and caudal swellings divide into 2)
forebrain:
-telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)
-diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
hindbrain:
-metencephalon (pons)
-myelencephalon (medulla)
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28
Q

what genes govern segmentation of the neural tub

A

homeobox genes

29
Q

planes of section

A

horizontal / axial (like looking into feet of a person lying on a table)
coronal (crown like)
sagittal (like drawing back an arrow through the body)

30
Q

dual meaning of dorsal

A

in head, superior

in body, posterior

31
Q

dual meaning of ventral

A

in head, inferior

in body, anterior

32
Q

most rostral part of a human adult

A

forehead region

33
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

34
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

voluntary movement

35
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

receiver information from sensory receptors in skin

36
Q

lateral (sylvian) fissue

A

very deep

separates frontal and temporal lobes

37
Q

occipital lobe

A

most caudal lobe

38
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal and occipital lobes

39
Q

parts of telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres

  • cerebral cortex
  • subcortical white matter
  • basal ganglia
  • basal forebrain nuclei
40
Q

parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

41
Q

parts of mesencephalon

A

cerebral peduncles
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum

42
Q

parts of metencephalon

A

pons

cerebellum

43
Q

parts of myelencephalon

A

medulla

44
Q

formation of flexures

A

occur along the length of the neural tube as proliferation continues
eventually telencephalon expands so that it covers the more caudal derivatives of the neural tube

45
Q

lumen of neural tube

A

becomes ventricular system in the adult brain

46
Q

what influences differentiation into sensory/motor functions

A

induction factors in specific regions of the neural tube
dorsal = sensory = alar plate
ventral = motor = basal plate

47
Q

formation of gray matter of spinal cord

A

post mitotic neurons leave proliferative zone, causing an increase in size of the mantle later
this region becomes the gray matter (dorsal and ventral horns)

48
Q

formation of white matter of spinal cord

A

composed of axons of local neurons within gray matter as well as axons from neurons carrying ascending and descending information

49
Q

stain for neuronal cell bodies

A

Nissl Stain

50
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuronal cell bodies in the periphery

neural crest derivatives

51
Q

nucleus

A

group of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

52
Q

afferent

A

information flowing toward the CNS

-sensory axons

53
Q

efferent

A

information flowing away from the CNS

-motor axons

54
Q

ascending

A

information flow to cerebral cortex (sensory)

55
Q

descending

A

information flow toward spinal cortex (motor)

56
Q

how do pathways develop?

A

trophic factors
neuronal migration
synapse elimination (plasticity)
maturation of neuronal connection

57
Q

how do neuron #s match target size

A

neurons are produced in excess, some die to match the target size
due to production of trophic factors by targets

58
Q

where does synapse elimination occur

A

cellular level

competition for innervation

59
Q

how many layers are present in the gray matter?

A

6

60
Q

how do motor and sensory areas of gray matter differ

A

motor: bigger cells in deeper layer
sensory: more cells in middle region

61
Q

layer 1

A

outermost
molecular layer
contains mainly neuropil

62
Q

layers 2 and 3

A

2: external granular
3: external pyramidal
generally smaller pyramidal neurons
primarily corticocortical connections

63
Q

layer 4

A

internal granular layer
rich in stellate neurons with locally ramifying axons
in the primary sensory cortices, these neurons receive input from the thalamus, the major sensory relay from the periphery

64
Q

layer 5 and 6

A

5: ganglionic
6: multiform
contain pyramidal neurons whose axons leave the cortex
prominent in motor areas

65
Q

function of radial glia in cortex development

A

neurons use radial glial cells to help with migration into outer layers
chemical cues also help with this

66
Q

formation of correct connections between groups of neurons

A

in some cases, neurons make connections early when in close proximity and reel out processes as growth of surrounding structures pushes them apart
in other cases, neurons use cues to grow to a target and synapse on the correct postsynaptic partner

67
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

modification of connections between neurons following damage or in the course of learning

68
Q

maturation of cellular architecture and connectivity of neurons

A

connections multiply and finalize over a long period of time

BMB Test 1 (29 decks)

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