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BMB Test 1 > B7.003 Sensory Transduction > Flashcards

B7.003 Sensory Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

types of senses

A 
vision
hearing
touch
taste
smell
somatic proprioception
pain
itch
temperature
visceral sensation
vestibular senses
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2
Q

how are sensations processed

A

processed by complex neuronal systems which transform simple forms into complex images and cognition

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3
Q

what is perception

A

all senses knit together to form a unified experience of the self and the external world

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4
Q

what do sensory systems do?

A 
detect and discriminate information about
-modality
-intensity
-duration
-location
of sensory stimuli
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5
Q

4 types of sensations

A

superficial
deep
visceral
special

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6
Q

superficial sensations

A

touch
pain
temp
2 point discrimination

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7
Q

deep sensations

A

proprioception
deep muscle pain
vibration

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8
Q

visceral sensations

A

mostly autonomic
hunger
nausea
visceral pain

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9
Q

special sensations

A 
smell
vision
hearing
taste
equilibrium
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10
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells for detecting particular changes in the environment
NOT receptor proteins

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11
Q

externoreceptors

A

affected mainly by the external environment

  • Meissner’s corpuscles, merkel’s corpuscles, and hair cells for touch
  • Krause end bulbs for pressure and vibration
  • ruffini endings for stretch
  • free nerve endings for pain and temp
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12
Q

proprioceptors

A

convey state of internal environment

-Pacinian corpuscles, joint receptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs

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13
Q

simple receptors

A

neurons with free nerve endings

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14
Q

complex neural receptors

A

have nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

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15
Q

special senses receptors

A

cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons initiating an action potential

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16
Q

modality specificity of sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors (touch, stretch, vibration, sound)
  2. chemoreceptors (taste, smell, pain)
  3. photoreceptors (vision)
  4. thermoreceptors (temp)
    each is optimally selective for a single type of energy
    usually relies on specialized anatomical structure
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17
Q

what is somatotopy/ tonotopy / retinotopy

A

anatomical location reflects position of stimulus in space (body surface or visual field)

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18
Q

what are psychophysics

A

relates physical characteristics of stimulus to attributes of sensory perception / experience

  • sensation is proportional to power of stimulus intensity
  • decisions are probabilistic, and latency depends on cognitive process
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19
Q

power curves

A

relate stimulus intensity to perception

20
Q

function of electrophysiology

A

reveals nature of neuronal transduction

neuronal firing patterns transmit sensory info into the CNS

21
Q

when do receptors generate action potentials?

A

spatial and temporal integration of excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials across the neuron’s membrane, resulting in the action potential being reached
called the “generator potential”

22
Q

result of an action potential in a receptor

A

sensory stimulation / transduction

23
Q

what is the “neural code”

A

sensory input is represented in the firing patterns of populations of neurons

24
Q

what determines the intensity of a signal

A

number or rate of action potentials

number of neurons activated (parallel processing)

25
Q

contrast enhancement

A

parallel processing of cells of different thresholds refines the acuity of a signal

26
Q

electrophysiology (tuning) curves

A

relates stimulus intensity to neuronal activity

27
Q

discuss a receptor’s adaptation to persistent stimuli

A

varies across different receptor subtypes
slow and rapid adaptors
-tonic = slow
-phasic = rapid
adaptation leads to a decrease in neural response to maintained stimulation

28
Q

how is spatial information encoded into the neural code

A

function of “receptive fields”

  • populations of neurons have endings in different locations within the modality “space”
  • position of the neuron in the sense organ is the primary element of topography
29
Q

receptive field

A

area of the skin where stimulation produces activation of a neuron
generally coincides with a perceptive field
defined by receptive neuron branching patterns
can overlap

30
Q

variations in receptive fields

A

vary in size, orientation, and sensitivity
can be defined at different levels (peripheral, cord, thalamus, cortex)
become more complex at higher levels
topography is retained through projections and in central nuclei

31
Q

somatotopic organization

A

retained topography of nerves throughout nervous system into central nuclei

  • dermatomes: define relationship between body regions and the spinal cord segment innervating them
  • sensory homunculus: define relationship between body regions and corresponding area of sensory cortex
32
Q

vision retinotopy

A

visual receptive field of a single photoreceptor can trace back to the occipital lobe
light outside of the region will have no effect on the specific cell

33
Q

tonotopy

A

relative lengths of fibers in basilar membrane convey different frequencies

34
Q

function of receptive fields

A

dimensions and overlap are important
small = higher acuity
overlap = increases resolution

35
Q

pattern theory of sensory codes

A

populations of neurons play a critical role in encoding sensory information
coding can occur because of a pattern of activation across multiple receptor types

36
Q

example of a sense that may be impacted by pattern theory

A

color vision

37
Q

what is convergence

A

sensory receptors make connections with structures in the CNS
multiple neuronal inputs will converge onto central cells, establishing a higher level receptive field

38
Q

manipulation of convergence

A

individual inputs may have different strength in stimulating the subsequent neurons

  • interneurons (often inhibitory) can modify the interactions between receptors and nucleus
  • allows for modification of simple information (processing)
39
Q

surround inhibition example of convergence manipulation

A

surround inhibition
stimulus > primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength > pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighbors > inhibitors of lateral neurons enhances the perception of stimulus
*results in increased acuity or contrast enhancement

40
Q

other examples of convergent controls

A

descending pain controls
reflex suppression
attention
*all are ways to process an incoming signal into more complex, meaningful information

41
Q

how is perception initiated

A

sensory systems with discrete, specific peripheral receptors break down the complex world surrounding us into very simple components (modality, location, intensity, duration)
percept is formed when these bits are merged together
convergence starts this process

42
Q

describe hierarchical processing

A

subsequent, more convergent connection provide a hierarchy
combine attributes of transduced information form recognizable features
ultimately information becomes more polymodal and more cognitive

43
Q

parallel processing

A

allows simultaneous inputs to different specialized parts of the brain

44
Q

structures associated with higher levels of perception

A

superior colliculus
associative cortex
can recognize very complex patterns due to associations with previous experience, prediction, and “templates”

45
Q

features of construction of perception

A
  • dependent on knowledge
  • partially creative
  • includes decision making (form vs background)
  • experience helps resolve ambiguity
  • template matching
46
Q

stereogenesis

A

ability to identify objects based solely on touch

BMB Test 1 (29 decks)

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