B7 Non communicable diseases

Question 1

what is a casual mechanism

Answer 1

explains how one factor influences another through a biological process

Question 2

define tumour

Answer 2

something that forms when the cell cycle sequence is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

Question 3

what are most cancers the result of

Answer 3

mutations- changes in the genetic material

Question 4

what is a carcinogen

Answer 4

a cancer causing agent

Question 5

how does ionising radiation cause tumours to form

Answer 5

because it interrupts the normal cell cycle

Question 6

how do cancer cells feed themselves to continue growing

Answer 6

by sending signals to trigger the formation of blood vessels to feed the growing tumour

Question 7

what is radiotherapy

Answer 7

targeting cancer cells with doses of radiation. this stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also affect healthy cells

Question 8

what is chemotherapy

Answer 8

chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self destruct

Question 9

how many chemicals do tobacco leaves produce when burned

Answer 9

4000- 150 being linked to disease

Question 10

what is nicotine

Answer 10

addictive, relatively harmless, produces a sensation of calm and well being

Question 11

what is carbon monoxide

Answer 11

a poisonous gas that takes up some of the oxygen carrying capacity of your blood which can lead to a shortage of oxygen and breathlessness

Question 12

what is tar

Answer 12

a sticky black chemical that accumulates in the lungs and turns them grey.

Question 13

what diseases does tar increase the risk of

Answer 13

bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 14

why should women not smoke during pregnancy

Answer 14

because if her blood contains carbon monoxide the foetus may not get enough oxygen to grow properly

Question 15

what can smoking during pregnancy lead to

Answer 15

premature births, low weight babies and stillbirths

Question 16

what does smoking do to the skin

Answer 16

narrows the blood vessels in your skin which ages it

Question 17

what does nicotine do to the body

Answer 17

makes the heart rate increase and other chemicals damage the lining of the arteries and increases the risk of CHD and clot formation

Question 18

what can increase in blood pressure lead to

Answer 18

cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes

Question 19

what do the chemicals in tobacco smoke do to the cilia

Answer 19

they anaesthetise the cilia in the trachea and bronchi that love mucus bacteria and dirt away from the lungs

Question 20

what can the anaesthetic of the cilia cause

Answer 20

dirt and pathogens to get into the lungs which increases the risk of infection and the build up of mucus causes coughing

Question 21

how is type 2 diabetes caused

Answer 21

when either your body doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels or cells stop responding to insulin

Question 22

what problems can T2 diabetes cause

Answer 22

problems with circulation, kidney function and eyesight

Question 23

why does the liver remove alcohol from the body

Answer 23

so it doesn’t do any damage as it is a poisonous substance

Question 24

how can alcohol affect the brain

Answer 24

because the ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut and passed into body tissues including the brain

Question 25

what effects can alcohol have on the body

Answer 25

affects the nervous system

makes thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower than normal

Question 26

what is cirrhosis

Answer 26

a disease of the liver caused by alcohol that destroys the liver tissue and replaces active liver cells with scar tissue that can’t carry out vital functions

Question 27

what happens when the brain is damaged by alcohol

Answer 27

it can become soft and pulpy, normal brain structures are lost and it can no longer function properly

Question 28

why is drinking alcohol whilst pregnant bad

Answer 28

alcohol passes across the placenta into the developing baby. the developing liver can’t cope so the development of the brain and body can be badly affected

Question 29

what are some of the consequences of feral alcohol syndrome

Answer 29

baby may have facial deformities, problems with teeth, jaw, hearing, kidney, liver and heart or learning and developmental problems

Question 30

how is radiation a carcinogen

Answer 30

it penetrates the cells and damages the chromosomes causing dna mutations

Question 31

what are 4 sources of ionising radiation

Answer 31

ultraviolet light from sun

radioactive materials found in soil water and air

medical and dental x rays

accidents in nuclear power generations