B7 Non communicable diseases Flashcards
what is a casual mechanism
explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
define tumour
something that forms when the cell cycle sequence is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way
what are most cancers the result of
mutations- changes in the genetic material
what is a carcinogen
a cancer causing agent
how does ionising radiation cause tumours to form
because it interrupts the normal cell cycle
how do cancer cells feed themselves to continue growing
by sending signals to trigger the formation of blood vessels to feed the growing tumour
what is radiotherapy
targeting cancer cells with doses of radiation. this stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also affect healthy cells
what is chemotherapy
chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self destruct
how many chemicals do tobacco leaves produce when burned
4000- 150 being linked to disease
what is nicotine
addictive, relatively harmless, produces a sensation of calm and well being
what is carbon monoxide
a poisonous gas that takes up some of the oxygen carrying capacity of your blood which can lead to a shortage of oxygen and breathlessness
what is tar
a sticky black chemical that accumulates in the lungs and turns them grey.
what diseases does tar increase the risk of
bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
why should women not smoke during pregnancy
because if her blood contains carbon monoxide the foetus may not get enough oxygen to grow properly
what can smoking during pregnancy lead to
premature births, low weight babies and stillbirths
what does smoking do to the skin
narrows the blood vessels in your skin which ages it
what does nicotine do to the body
makes the heart rate increase and other chemicals damage the lining of the arteries and increases the risk of CHD and clot formation
what can increase in blood pressure lead to
cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes
what do the chemicals in tobacco smoke do to the cilia
they anaesthetise the cilia in the trachea and bronchi that love mucus bacteria and dirt away from the lungs
what can the anaesthetic of the cilia cause
dirt and pathogens to get into the lungs which increases the risk of infection and the build up of mucus causes coughing
how is type 2 diabetes caused
when either your body doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels or cells stop responding to insulin
what problems can T2 diabetes cause
problems with circulation, kidney function and eyesight
why does the liver remove alcohol from the body
so it doesn’t do any damage as it is a poisonous substance
how can alcohol affect the brain
because the ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut and passed into body tissues including the brain
what effects can alcohol have on the body
affects the nervous system
makes thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower than normal
what is cirrhosis
a disease of the liver caused by alcohol that destroys the liver tissue and replaces active liver cells with scar tissue that can’t carry out vital functions
what happens when the brain is damaged by alcohol
it can become soft and pulpy, normal brain structures are lost and it can no longer function properly
why is drinking alcohol whilst pregnant bad
alcohol passes across the placenta into the developing baby. the developing liver can’t cope so the development of the brain and body can be badly affected
what are some of the consequences of feral alcohol syndrome
baby may have facial deformities, problems with teeth, jaw, hearing, kidney, liver and heart or learning and developmental problems
how is radiation a carcinogen
it penetrates the cells and damages the chromosomes causing dna mutations
what are 4 sources of ionising radiation
ultraviolet light from sun
radioactive materials found in soil water and air
medical and dental x rays
accidents in nuclear power generations
