B16 Flashcards
how are plants and animals interdependant on each other
plants produce food by photosynthesis
animals eat plants
animals pollinate plants
animals eat other animals
animals use plant and animal materials to build nests
plants need nutrients from animal droppings and decay
what is a stable community
where all species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant
what are 7 abiotic factors that affect communities
light intensity temperature moisture levels soil pH and mineral content wind intensity and direction availability of oxygen availability of carbon dioxide
what are 4 biotic factors that affect communities
availability of food
new pathogens or parasites
new predators
interspecific competition
what are 4 things that plants compete for
light for photosynthesis
water for photosynthesis and for keeping tissues rigid and supported
nutrients from soil to make the chemicals needed in their cells
space to grow so their roots can absorb water and nutrients and their leaves can absorb light
how are plants adapted to avoid competition
have different roots; some shallow, some deep so they take nutrients and water from different areas of the soil
how are some sea birds adapted to their environment
get rid of all the extra salt they take in from the sea by ‘crying’ very salty water from a gland
how do some animals and plants survive extreme winter conditions
produce a chemical in their cells that acts as an anti- freeze. stops water in cells from freezing and destroying cells
what is an extremophile
an organsim that survives and reproduces in the most difficult conditions
what is a thermophile
a bacteria that can survive at temperatures of over 45c they have specially adapted enzymes that do not denature at these high temperatures
how are organisms that live in the dead sea or salt flats adapted
their cytoplasm is adapted so that water does not move out of their cells into salty environment
how are some organisms adapted to their normal conditions
migration during a certain season
antifreeze in cells
how are animals adapted to cold climates
small surface area : volume ratio
small surface area of thin skinned areas eg ears
blubber layer
thick fur
how are animals adapted to dry climates
adapted kidneys so they can produce concentrated urine and need little or nothing to drink, they get their water from the foods they eat
most active in early morning/ evening when it is cool
rest in burrows or shady areas
large SA:V ratio
