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biology > B3 organisation and the digestive system and part of B4 > Flashcards

B3 organisation and the digestive system and part of B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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2
Q

what is an organ

A

a collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

what is an organ system

A

groups of organs that work together to carry out specific functions e.g. digestive system, circulatory system, gas exchange system

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4
Q

how long is the digestive system

A

6-9m

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5
Q

what is the function of the digestive system

A

to break down large insoluble food molecules that the body can’t absorb and create smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells

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6
Q

what does pancreas and salivary glands release

A

digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food

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7
Q

what happens in small intestine

A

soluble food molecules are absorbed into blood and then bloodstream

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8
Q

how is the small intestine adapted

A

has villi which creates a large surface area

has good blood supply

short diffusion distance to blood vessels

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9
Q

what is the function of the liver in the digestive system

A

produces bile

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10
Q

what is the function of bile and where is it stored

A

helps in the digestion of lipids, stored in the gall bladder, turns acidic liquid from stomach into alkaline for small intestine.
also emulsifies fats in food as not broken down in stomach by breaking them up which creates a bigger surface area of fats for lipase enzymes to act upon

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11
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

provide energy for all the chemical reactions that take place in the body

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12
Q

what is the structure of carbohydrates

A

long chains of simple sugars e.g. glucose

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13
Q

what is the structure of starch and cellulose

A

long chains of simple sugars bonded together

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14
Q

how do amino acids form protein molecules

A

by forming covalent bonds in specific orders

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15
Q

what are lipids used for

A 
used in cell membranes, also used for 
storing energy 
water proofing
insulation 
protection
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16
Q

what is a denatured protein

A

when the bonds that hold the proteins in these 3D shapes are broken and the shape of the protein is lost meaning it may not function anymore in the cells

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17
Q

what is a catalyst

A

something that speeds up a chemical reaction but doesn’t affect the product can be used repeatedly

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18
Q

what are enzymes made up of

A

hey are proteins (made up of amino acid chains) folded to from the active site

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19
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

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20
Q

what do protease enzymes do and where are they produced

A

break down protein into amino acid. produced in small intestine, pancreas and stomach

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21
Q

what do carbohydrase enzymes do and where are they produced

A

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars. made in small intestine, pancreas and salivary gland

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22
Q

what does amylase do and where is it made

A

breaks down starch into glucose. made in salivary gland and pancreas

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23
Q

what do lipase enzymes do and where are they produced

A

break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. made in small intestine and pancreas

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24
Q

how does temperature affect enzyme action

A

the rate of enzyme controlled reactions increases as the temperature increases

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25
Q

what happens above 40 degrees in enzyme activity

A

the protein structure of the enzyme is affected and the long amino acid chains begin to unravel so the active site shape changes and can no longer act as a catalyst

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26
Q

how does pH affect the shape of the active site of an enzyme

A

a change in pH affects the forces between the different parts of the protein molecule so that they change shape and the enzyme can no longer be a catalyst

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27
Q

how many glands are there in the lining of the stomach

A

35 million

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28
Q

how does hcl acid produced by stomach help digestion

A

allows protease enzymes to work effectively and kills bacteria

29
Q

how does the thick layer of mucus produced by stomach help digestion

A

thick layer of mucus coats stomach walls and protects them from being digested by acid and enzymes

30
Q

what are platelets

A

small fragments of cells that have no nucleus but help the blood to clot at site of wound and then dries to form a scab

31
Q

what is blood clotting

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin

32
Q

what is a capillary

A

the tiniest blood vessel in the circulatory system that links arteries and veins. narrow with thin walls and oxygen and glucose easily diffuse out of blood and into capillaries

33
Q

what are arteries

A

they carry blood from the heart to organs. cause of a pulse. have thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres

34
Q

what are veins

A

carry blood that is low in oxygen to heart from

organs. they have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow of blood

35
Q

what is the human circulatory system made up of

A

blood, blood vessels and the heart

36
Q

what does the plasma carry

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

takes waste co2 from cells to lungs

takes urea from liver to kidney

takes soluble products of digestion from small intestine to cells

37
Q

what is blood made up of and what %

A

55% plasma
1% white blood cells and platelets
45% red blood cells

38
Q

what is haemoglobin and where is it found

A

found in red blood cells, binds to oxygen

39
Q

what are 2 adaptations of red blood cells

A

concave on both sides to give a bigger surface area

no nucleus to provide more space for haemoglobin

40
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells and what do they do

A

lymphocytes- form antibodies against harmful microorganisms

phagocytes- engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses

41
Q

what is thee function of phloem cells

A

transport sugars made by photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant

42
Q

what is the function of xylem cells

A

carry water and mineral ions from the soil around the plant to the stem and leaves

43
Q

what are mineral ions needed for in plants

A

production of proteins and other molecules within cells

44
Q

what is water needed for in plants

A

photosynthesis and keeping the plant upright

45
Q

what is transpiration

A

when stomata are open and water vapour evaporates from the cells lining the air spaces and then passes through the stomata by diffusion

46
Q

what factors affect transpiration rate

A

temperature

surface area

wind

humidity

light intensity

47
Q

why do plants wilt

A

when they lose water. it is a protection mechanism against further loss as leaves hang down which reduces available surface area for water loss by evaporation

48
Q

what happens if plants lose water faster than it is being replaced

A

wilting

stomata may close which stops photosynthesis and risks overheating

49
Q

what is a potometer

A

used to show the uptake of water by a plant in different conditions

50
Q

what happens if the heart beat is too slow

A

not enough oxygen can be distributed

51
Q

what happens if the heart beat is too fast

A

blood can’t be pumped properly

52
Q

what is an artificial heart used for

A

temporary whilst waiting for a transplant so it can support the heart

also used to give a diseased heart a rest so it can recover

53
Q

how is ventilation of the lungs done

A

by contracting and relaxing the intercostal muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm which changes the pressure inside the chest cavity so air is forced in or out of the lungs

54
Q

what is an adaptation of the alveoli

A

provide a large surface area and a rich supply of blood capillaries so gases can diffuse efficiently

55
Q

what are the 2 parts of the double circulatory system

A

one carries blood from heart to lungs and back allowing o2 and co2 to be exchanged with the air in the lungs

the other carries blood from the heart to all the other organs and back again

56
Q

what is the atria

A

the top chambers of the heart where blood enters

57
Q

what is the vena cava

A

where deoxygenated blood that enters the right atrium comes from

58
Q

what is the pulmonary vein

A

oxygenated blood (from lungs) comes from before entering left atrium

59
Q

what are ventricles

A

where blood is forced down once atria contract

60
Q

what is the right ventricle

A

forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs in the pulmonary artery

61
Q

what is the left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood around the body in a big artery called the aorta

62
Q

what are stents

A

metal mesh that is placed in the artery, a balloon is inflated to hold stent and blood vessel open. it is then deflated and removed but the stent remains open so blood can flow freely

63
Q

what is bypass surgery

A

replacing narrow or blocked artery with bits of veins from other parts of the body

64
Q

what are statins

A

prescribed medication that reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in coronary afteries

65
Q

why would a heart valve need to be replaced

A

if they begin to leak or become stiff and not open properly

66
Q

what are mechanical valves

A

made of titanium and polymers, they last a long time but medicine has to be taken to stop blood clotting around it

67
Q

what are biological valves

A

taken from pigs cattle or human donors but only last 12-15 years

68
Q

why is the small intestine long, have a good blood supply and a large surface area

A

long so that food stays in it long enough to come into contact with digestive enzymes, good blood supply so that soluble food substances can be transported into bloodstream so they can move around the body and large surface area to increase efficiency of absorption of food molecules into the blood

69
Q

what is the ph of the stomach

A

1.5 to 3.5

biology (16 decks)

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