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biology > B13 Reproduction > Flashcards

B13 Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do cells divide in asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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2
Q

how do gametes form

A

meiosis

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3
Q

what is meiosis used for in plants

A

making egg and pollen cells

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4
Q

how do gametes introduce variation

A

each of the 4 gametes produced from 1 cell are different and contain random mixtures of the original chromosome which provides variation

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5
Q

what are advantages of asexual reproduction (2)

A

only one parent needed which is time and energy efficient

rapidly produces large numbers of identical offspring

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6
Q

what is an advantage of sexual reproduction

A

variation which gives a survival advantage if the environment changes

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7
Q

what is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

no variation is a disadvantage if the environment changes as organism is unable to adapt

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8
Q

what is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

takes time and energy to find a mate or spread gametes

slower than asexual reproduction

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9
Q

why do fungi reproduce sexully and asexually

A

they normally reproduce asexually when fungal spores go through mitosis but when conditions are not good eg dry, 2 hyphae from different fungi join and their nuclei fuse so the new hypha has 2 sets of chromosomes this then undergoes meiosis to make haploid spores each with only one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

how are flowers adapted for sexual reproduction

A

either adapted to attract animal pollinators or make it easy for their pollen to be carried by the wind and caught by another flower

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11
Q

how do malaria parasites reproduce

A

sexually in mosquitos and asexually in human host

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12
Q

what do genes code for

A

a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein that make up different specialised cells that form tissues including the enzymes that control cell chemistry

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13
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

combinations of 4 different chemical bases (monomers)

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14
Q

what is the genome of an organism

A

the entire genetic material of that organism including all chromosomes and genetic material in the mitochondira

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15
Q

where does mitochondrial dna come from

A

inherited from the mother as it comes from the mitochondria in the egg

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16
Q

why are bacteria and virus genomes sequenced

A

helps to identify causes of disease very rapidly and choose the correct treatment

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17
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of dna on a chromosome. Each gene codes for a articular sequence of amino acids to make a specic protein

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18
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

combination of a sugar, base and a phosphate

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19
Q

how do nucleotides help code for amino acids

A

nucleotides are grouped into threes and each set of 3 bases codes for a particular amino acid

20
Q

dna in the nucleus controls protein synthesis but proteins are synthesised in the cytoplasm- explain this

A

genes in the dna produce a template for the protein which reflects the sequence of bases in the dna but is small enough to leave the nucleus through pores
template binds to the surface of a ribosome
the cytoplasm contains carrier molecules which are each attached to a specific amino acid
the carrier molecules attach to the template
amino acids are joined together to form a specific protein
carrier molecules keep bringing amino acids to add to the growing protein chain until the template is completed

21
Q

what happens once the protein chain is completed

A

the molecule folds up to form a unique shape that will enable it to carry out its cell functions eg for an enzyme it will form the shape of the active site

22
Q

what does the non coding part of dna do

A

involved in the switching on or off of genes or parts of genes

23
Q

what does it mean when a gene is expressed

A

when it codes for a protein that is synthesised in the cell

24
Q

what does variation in the non coding parts of dna cause

A

has an effect on how genes are expressed which affects phenotype (physical appearance)

25
Q

what happens when there is a mutation in the coding DNA

A

protein formed is altered so slightly that apearance and function is not changed

26
Q

what happens when there is a mutation in the non coding dna

A

can affect which genes are switched on and off which can have a big effect on the phenotype of the organism

27
Q

what is an allele

A

different versions of the same gene. You have 2 allleles for each gene- one from each parent

28
Q

define homozygote

A

an individual with 2 identical alleles for a characteristic eg BB or bb

29
Q

define heterozygote

A

an individual with different alleles for a characteristic eg Bb

30
Q

define genotype

A

what alleles the person has for that gene

31
Q

define phenotype

A

what the individual looks like eg eye colour, dimples

32
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

an allele that controls the characteristic when there is just one allele present

33
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

an allele that must have 2 copies present to control the characteristic

34
Q

what are the female sex chromosomes

A

XX

35
Q

what are the male sex chromosomes

A

XY

36
Q

what is an inherited disorder

A

result of a change in the bases or coding of genes and can be passed from parent to child

37
Q

what is polydactyly

A

when a baby is born with extra fingers or toes
formed by a dominant allele so if you are heterozygous you have a 50% chance of passing it onto your child and if you are homozygous you have a 100% chance

38
Q

what is huntingtons disease

A

a dominant genetic disorder
symptoms develop in middle ages
affects nervous system and can cause death

39
Q

how is cystic fibrosis inherited

A

passed on by a recessive allele so both parents must be carriers

40
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

disorder of cell membranes that affects movement of certain substances so mucus made by cells becomes very thick
lungs can become clogged and stop working properly
pancreas cannot make and secrete enzymes properly as tubes are blocked
causes infertility

41
Q

what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis

A

no cure but physiotherapy and antibiotics used to help clear lungs of mucus and infection
enzymes are used to replace ones that pancreas can’t make

42
Q

what is amniocentisis

A

carried out at 15-16 weeks of pregnancy involves taking some fluid from around the developing fetus which contain fetal cells and can then be used for embryonic genetic screening

43
Q

what is chronic villus sampling of embryonic cells

A

done between 10-12 weeks of pregnancy by taking a small sample of tissue from the developing placenta- provides fetal cells to screen

44
Q

what are the risks of embryonic screening

A

miscarriage

45
Q

how is screening carried out

A

dna is separated from embryonic cell and tested

46
Q

what are concerns about embryonic screening

A

can sometimes give a false positive or false negative
couple have to make the difficult decision of whether or not to terminate pregnancy
screening is expensive
could give a rise to ‘designer babies’

biology (16 decks)

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