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biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have

A

XY

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2
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have

A

XX

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells

A

23 pairs
46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What are genes

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome

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6
Q

What are alleles

A

Versions of genes

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7
Q

What does the genotype tell us

A

The genotype of a person Tells us the alleles present

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8
Q

What is it called when a person has two copies of the same allele

A

Homozygous

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9
Q

When does phenotype tell us

A

The phenotype tells us the characteristics caused by the persons alleles

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10
Q

What is it called when a person has two copies of different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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11
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

A dominant allele will show in the phenotype even if there is only one copy present

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12
Q

When is a recessive allele

A

A recessive allele will only show in the phenotype if two copes are present

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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

A disorder of cell membrane

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14
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

-two strands,each on a polymer
-double helix

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15
Q

What do genesis make amino acids do

A

Each gene encodes a specific sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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16
Q

What is a genome

A

-the genome is the entire genetic material of an organism

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17
Q

Why is it important we understand the human genome

A

-search for genes linked to disease
-understand and treat inherited disorders
-trace human migration patterns

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18
Q

Where do we find chromosomes

A

In the nucleus of cells

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19
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

1.DNA replicates forming two copies of each chromosome
2.mitosis takes place and one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell,nucleus also divided
3.cell membrane and cytoplasm divide forming two identical cells

20
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

1.growth and development of multicellular organisms
2.repair
3.asexual reproduction

21
Q

What do gametes such as sperm and egg cells contain

A

-single chromosome
-chromosomes are not paired
-23 single chromosomes

22
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

1-all the chromosomes are copied
2-cell divided into two
3-both of the new cells divide once more forming the gametes

23
Q

What does meiosis form

A

-four Gametes
-each gamete is genetically different

24
Q

What happens to gamate’s in sexual reproduction

A

-gametes join together(fertilisation)
-the cell now has a normal number of chromosomes

25
Q

What happened to the number of chromosomes in meiosis

A

The number of chromosomes is halved

26
Q

What is an embryo

A

A clump of identical cells

27
Q

What is polydactyl

A

-a disorder where people have extra fingers or toes

28
Q

Polydactyl is caused by a dominant allele , what does this mean

A

-you cannot be a carrier
-a person with one copy of polydactyl will have it

29
Q

What is embryo screening

A

-Embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders
-embryos which don’t have the defective allele are implanted into the women

30
Q

What are solutions for inherited disorders

A

Embryo screening

31
Q

What are the issues with embryo screening

A

-Expensive-money could be spent elsewhere
-embryos are destroyed,seen as unethical
-may be able to screen embryos to have desired features, unethical

32
Q

What is variation

A

The differences in characteristics of individuals in a population

33
Q

What are the causes of variation

A

-inherited alleles
-genetics and environmental

34
Q

What are some examples of environmental variation

A

-flower colour, PH of soul
-Langauge

35
Q

What are mutations

A

Random changes to DNA

36
Q

What can mutation lead to

A

-Very rarely mutation can lead to new phenotype
-can be beneficial if environment changes

37
Q

what is the three domain system

A

-based on DNA their are three domains
-archaea,prokaryota,eukaryota

38
Q

what is archaea

A

primitive/simple bacteria

39
Q

what is prokaryota

A

true/modern bacteria

40
Q

what is eukaryota

A
  • includes
    organisms with cells having a
    nucleus
41
Q

what domains are extremophiles

A

arachea

42
Q

what are the steps involved with selective breeding

A

-breed plants
-choose plants with desired characteristics
-breed repeatedly until all plants have the desired traits

43
Q

advantages of GM crops

A

-resistance to disease /pests / pathogens
so higher yield
-larger / more grains per plant
or higher yield
so more food for people or
more income for farmers
-better nutritional content
(vitamins / protein / low GIndex)
so will improve health

44
Q

disadvantages of gm crops

A

-may affect health of people
who eat the rice
because not enough
research done yet
-traditional varieties no longer
grown
-so reduction in biodiversity

45
Q

what are vectors used for in genetic engineering

A

-vectors are used to insert genes
into cells
-vectors are usually plasmids or
viruses

46
Q

The herbicide resistant variety of wheat will give a higher yield than the non-herbicide resistant variety.

A

-wheats are not damaged by herbivores
-therefore they are exposed to more light
-meaning an increased rate of photosynthesis, increasing proteins made within the plant increasing yield

biology (10 decks)

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