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biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

-eukaryotic (plant/animal)
-prokaryotic (bacteria)

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2
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

-prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic
-eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus whilst prokaryotic do not

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3
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Definition of a eukaryotic cell?

A

contain genetic material(DNA) in an enclosed nucleus

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5
Q

Definition of a prokaryotic cell?

A

genetic material(DNA) is not stored in the nucleus

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6
Q

how are sperm cells adapted to carry out their function?

A

-contain half genetic information
-long streamlined tail
-contain a lot of mitochondria

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7
Q

how are root hair cells adapted to carry out their function?

A

-large surface area to increase rate of absorbsion
-do not contain chloroplast
-many mitochondria for energy

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8
Q

how are xylem adapted to carry out their function?

A

-end walls are broken down forming a hollow tube,so no obstruction to water flow
- no nucleus cytoplasm ,vacuole, chloroplast
-has lignin

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9
Q

how are phloem adapted to carry out their function?

A

-Made of living cells
-seive plates and companion cells
-seive plates contain pores so dissolved sugars can flow through
-companion cells contain alot of mitochondria for energy

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10
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

-undifferentiated cell

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11
Q

what does a stem cell do?

A

-give rise to more cells of the same type
-can differentiate to form other types of cells

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12
Q

3 stages of mitosis

A

1- DNA replicates,two identical chromosomes
2- one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell,nucleus divides
3- cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two cells

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13
Q

what is diffusion?

A
  • the net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration.
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14
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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15
Q

what is active transport?

A

a process in which substances are moved from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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16
Q

two types of microscopes?

A

-light magniscope
- electron microscope

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17
Q

what is the benefit of electron microscope?

A

have much better magnification and resolution then light microscopes.

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18
Q

magnification equation?

A

magnification=size of image/size of real object

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19
Q

what is the function of the xylem

A

transporting water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant

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20
Q

what is the function of root hair cells

A

-allows the plant to absorb more water.
-allow a plant to take in the minerals it needs to survive.

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21
Q

what is the function of the phloem

A

moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis

22
Q

why is oil used in some experiments

A

to keep oxygen out

23
Q

what are advantages of using a persons stem cells

A

-no risk of damage to embryo
-adult can give consent
-know the side effects

24
Q

how is water transported from soil to the atmosphere

A

-absorbed from the soil by osmosis through root hair cells
-travels through xylem vessels through the leaves
-lost through the stomata to the atmosphere
-transpiration

25
Q

what is the stomata

A

Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange.

26
Q

what is transpiration

A

the process of water constantly evaporating from the surface of the leaves

27
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

-transpiration starts from the evaporation of water from cells inside the leaf
-water vapour diffuses through air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and out of the leaf through the stomata
-water passes into the leaf through the xylem to replace lost water
-water is drawn into root hair cells and up the xylem vessels into the leaf

28
Q

why is transpiration important

A

-brings water into the leaf for photosynthesis
-transports dissolved mineral ions,which play important roles in the plant
-cools leaf down

29
Q

what factors effect transpiration

A

-temperature,evaporation is faster at higher temp
-faster under dry conditions ,evaporation occurs quicker
-faster in windy conditions due to removal of water vapour
-high light intensity, higher rate of photosynthesis

30
Q

how do stomata’s work?

A

-surrounded by two guard cells
-when light intensity is high,they swell and change shape this causes them to open
-now carbon dioxide can enter the leaf and be used in photosynthesis

31
Q

what happens in the stomata in hot conditions

A

stomata closes to reduce water loss through transpiration, however this means the plant cannot photosynthesise

32
Q

what is Translocation

A

Translocation is the transport of dissolved sugars around a plant in the phloem

33
Q

how are sieve tube cells adapted for their function

A

-have small pores in end walls so dissolved sugars are able to move cell to cell

34
Q

why is it important that dissolved sugars move both upwards and downwards in a plant

A

-sugars are made in leaves by photosynthesis
-all cells/tissues need sugars for respiration
-sugars transported for storage as starch

35
Q

what is an independent variable

A

Independent variable – the variable that is altered during a scientific experiment.

36
Q

what is a control variable

A

a variable that is kept the same during a scientific experiment.

37
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

the variable being tested or measured during a scientific

38
Q

what are 4 differences between a plant and bacteria cell

A

-bacteria cell is smaller
-bacteria cell does not contain chloroplast
-bacteria does not contain DNA in an enclosed nucleus
-Bacteria does not contain mitochondria

39
Q

when does respiration occur within plants

A

all the time

40
Q

why is peer review used

A

-to avoid bias
-to prevent false claims
-to make sure results are valid

41
Q

what is the use of mitochondria in cells

A

its where aerobic respiration takes place

42
Q

what makes up an animal cell

A

-nucleus
-mitochondria
-ribosomes
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm

43
Q

diffeences in plant an animal cells

A

-plant cells have a regular shape
-chloroplast
-cell wall
-permanent vacuole

44
Q

what makes up a plant cell

A

-same as animal cell +
-chloroplast
-cell wall
-permanent vacuole

45
Q

how is spongy mesophyll adapted for its function

A

-has large air spaces between cells
-so gases can diffuse through the leaf from the paladside layer

46
Q

advantages of therapeutic cloning

A

-may cure or treat diseases
-cells are unlikely to be rejected by patient
-many cells are produced

47
Q

where are stem cells made

A

bone marrow

48
Q

what are disadvantages of therapeutic cloning

A

-potential life is killed
-shortage of donors or eggs
-poor success rate

49
Q

give one place in a plant where stem cells are found

A

meristem cells

50
Q

benefits of using embryonic stem cells

A

-can treat many diseases
-less likely to be rejected

51
Q

negatives of using embryonic stem cells

A

-risk of embryo being destroyed
-embryo cannot consent

52
Q

negatives of using adult stem cells

A

-may be rejected
-only can treat a few diseases

biology (10 decks)

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