B6

Question 1

What are antigens?

Answer 1

Specific proteins on the surface of cells

Question 2

What are antibodies?

Answer 2

Proteins produced by white blood cells that recognise and bind to specific antigens

Question 3

What is herdal immunity?

Answer 3

When a large proportion of a population are immune to a diseas

Question 4

Describe the process of making monoclonal antibodies?

5

Answer 4

1) mouse injected with antigen
2) B cells producing desired antibody isolated from mouse spleen
3) B cells fused with cancerous myeloma cells
4) This forms hybridoma cells that can produce antibodies and divide to form clones
5) Desired hybridoma is isolated and produced in bulk

Question 5

3 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

Pregnancy tests
Disease diagnosis
Research

Question 6

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

Answer 6

The antigen is the hormone which is released at the early stage of pregnancy.
Detected using monoclonal antibodies

Question 7

How are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose diseases?

Answer 7

They are used to recognise pathogens/blood clots/cancerous cells.
The antibodies have markers so they can be detected.

Question 8

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat diseases?

Answer 8

They can target a specific cell for treatment without affecting the surrounding healthy cells

Question 9

3 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer

Answer 9

1) antibody triggers immune system to attack and destroys cancer cells
2) antibodies block receptors in cancer cells so they stop growing
3) antibodies carry treatment with them to cancer cell to destroy it.

Question 10

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 10

• does not affect healthy cells

- can be used to treat a wide range of conditions

Question 11

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 11

• expensive
• create side effects
• attaching drugs to antibody is difficult