B5 Flashcards by Uzayr Sajid

What is health?

A state of physical and mental well-being. The absence of disease

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3 things that make people ill

diseases
Diet
Stress

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What is a pathogen?

Microorganisms that cause disease

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1 disease caused by a virus

Influenza

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1 disease caused by bacteria

Tetanus

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VIRUS
Size-
How it multiplies-
Symptoms-
Organisms infected-
Treatment-
Survival outside host-
Beneficial-
Living-
Pathogenicity-

Size- small
How it multiplies- needs the host cell
Symptoms- fever/fatigue 
Organisms infected- all organisms 
Treatment- anti-virals 
Survival outside host- No
Beneficial- No
Living- No
Pathogenicity- All

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BACTERIA

Size- 
How it multiplies-
Organisms infected-
Treatment-
Survival outside host-
Beneficial-
Living-
Pathogenicity-

Size- Big
How it multiplies- cell division
Organisms infected- Animal/Plants/Fungi
Treatment- Antibiotics 
Survival outside host- Yes
Beneficial- Yes
Living- Yes
Pathogenicity- Some

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3 ways pathogens spread

By air (flu)
By water (cholera)
By direct contact (STI’s)

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Growing bacteria key words

Culture-
Bacterial colony-
Culture medium-
Inoculate-
Autoclave-

Culture- To grow bacteria

Bacterial colony-Large number of bacteria growing together

Culture medium- Material bacteria grow in or on

Inoculate- Place bacteria on the culture medium

Autoclave- oven used to sterilise bacteria

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Why do we culture bacteria?

So we can study them

So we can use them - brewing

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What nutrients do bacteria need to grow?

Carbohydrates
Minerals
Nitrates
Ammonia 
Water

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What chemicals can be used to kill bacteria?

Antibiotics
Disinfectants
Antiseptics

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How do bacteria divide?

Binary fission

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What does the culture medium contain?

Carbohydrates for energy
Minerals
Nitrogen source to make proteins

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How can the bacteria be contaminated?

Contact with skin,air,soil and water

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Why does the agar plate need to be stored upside down?

To stop condensation

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Method for growing bacteria

1) sterilise the same inoculating loop in the flame of a Bunsen
2) dip the loop in the bacteria you want to grow and use it to make zig zag streaks across the surface of the agar
3) replace the lid on the dish to avoid contamination
4) put adhesive tape on the dish
5) put the dish upside down to avoid condensation

Why is the incubation temperature 25 degrees in schools?

To avoid the growth of human pathogens which grow at 37 degrees

PREVENTING BACTERIAL GROWTH

Low temp-
High temp-
Disinfectant-
Antiseptic-
Antibiotic-

Low temp- Slows down/Stops enzyme activity

High temp- Enzymes denature. Bacteria killed

Disinfectant- kills bacteria on surfaces

Antiseptic- kills bacteria on skin

Antibiotic- kills bacteria in the body

What are vectors?

1 example

Organisms that pass on a disease without being affected themselves

Eg mosquitoes

What is a vaccination?

When a harmless form of a pathogen is injected into the body so the immune system develops antibodies against it.

Why don’t vaccinations work for plants?

They don’t have an immune system

3 viral diseases

Measles
HIV/AIDS
TMV

MEASLES

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-

Symptoms- Fever and red skin rash

Spread by- inhalation of droplets from coughs

Complications- Blindness and brain damage

Treatment- None

If ill/infected- Isolate

Prevention- vaccination

Future of disease- vaccinate all children

HIV/AIDS ``` Symptoms- Spread by- Complications- Treatment- If ill/infected- Prevention- Future of disease- ```

Symptoms- flu like illness Spread by- direct sexual contact Complications- damages immune system Treatment- antiretroviral drugs Prevention- use condoms and don’t share needles

TMV ``` Symptoms- Spread by- Complications- Treatment- If ill/infected- Prevention- Future of disease- ```

Symptoms- mosaic pattern on leaves Spread by- contact between diseased plant material and healthy plant material Complications- affected areas of leaves don’t photosynthesise so less growth Treatment- None If ill/infected- Chopped down and burnt Prevention- good field hygiene Future of disease- genetically modify plants that are resistant

3 bacterial diseases

Salmonella Gonorrhoea Crown gall

Salmonella ``` Symptoms- Spread by- Complications- Treatment- If ill/infected- Prevention- Future of disease- ```

Symptoms- vomiting diarrhoea Spread by- bacteria that live in guts of animals consumed by body Treatment- 2 weeks on antibiotics Prevention- vaccinate poultry against salmonella

Gonorrhoea ``` Symptoms- Spread by- Complications- Treatment- If ill/infected- Prevention- Future of disease- ```

Symptoms- pain on urination Spread by- unprotected sexual contact with infected individual Complications- pelvic pain and infertility Treatment- antibiotics Prevention- use condoms

2 fungal infections

Athletes foot | Rose black spot

Rose black spot ``` Symptoms- Spread by- Complications- Treatment- If ill/infected- Prevention- ```

Symptoms- purple/black spots on leaves Spread by- fungal spores carried by wind Complications- less photosynthesis and weakens plant Treatment- chemical fungicides If ill/infected- burning affected leaves Prevention- breeding disease resistant strains

1 protist disease

Malaria

Malaria Symptoms- Spread by- Treatment- Prevention-

Symptoms- headache high fever Spread by- anopheles mosquito Treatment- anti-malarial drugs Prevention- insect repellent and use bed nets

3 human skin defences

1) clotting seals the wound and stops entry of pathogens 2) antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogenic bacteria 3) skin is covered in bacteria that gives extra layer of protection

2 Human respiratory defences

Hairs and mucus in nose to trap bacteria | Mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi

1 human digestive defence

Stomach contains acid to kill microbes in food

Why are nitrates important for plants?

They are used to convert glucose to amino acids. Amino acids are used to make proteins. Proteins are used for growth and repair.

What does a nitrate deficiency lead to?

Stunted growth

How can mineral deficiencies be avoided?

Using fertilisers

3 physical barriers for plants to prevent diseases

Cellulose cell wall - prevents entry of microorganisms Bark - hard to penetrate Leaf fall - all leaves fall in autumn. Any pathogen on leaf will fall

Chemical barrier for plant disease response

Antibacterial chemicals that are effective against bacterial disease pathogens.

3 ways plants defend themselves from herbivores

Poisons Thorns Hairy stems/leaves