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B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of physical and mental well-being. The absence of disease

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2
Q

3 things that make people ill

A

diseases
Diet
Stress

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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4
Q

1 disease caused by a virus

A

Influenza

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5
Q

1 disease caused by bacteria

A

Tetanus

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6
Q 
VIRUS
Size-
How it multiplies-
Symptoms-
Organisms infected-
Treatment-
Survival outside host-
Beneficial-
Living-
Pathogenicity-
A 
Size- small
How it multiplies- needs the host cell
Symptoms- fever/fatigue 
Organisms infected- all organisms 
Treatment- anti-virals 
Survival outside host- No
Beneficial- No
Living- No
Pathogenicity- All
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7
Q

BACTERIA

Size- 
How it multiplies-
Organisms infected-
Treatment-
Survival outside host-
Beneficial-
Living-
Pathogenicity-
A 
Size- Big
How it multiplies- cell division
Organisms infected- Animal/Plants/Fungi
Treatment- Antibiotics 
Survival outside host- Yes
Beneficial- Yes
Living- Yes
Pathogenicity- Some
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8
Q

3 ways pathogens spread

A 
By air (flu)
By water (cholera)
By direct contact (STI’s)
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9
Q

Growing bacteria key words

Culture-
Bacterial colony-
Culture medium-
Inoculate-
Autoclave-
A

Culture- To grow bacteria

Bacterial colony-Large number of bacteria growing together

Culture medium- Material bacteria grow in or on

Inoculate- Place bacteria on the culture medium

Autoclave- oven used to sterilise bacteria

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10
Q

Why do we culture bacteria?

A

So we can study them

So we can use them - brewing

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11
Q

What nutrients do bacteria need to grow?

A 
Carbohydrates
Minerals
Nitrates
Ammonia 
Water
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12
Q

What chemicals can be used to kill bacteria?

A

Antibiotics
Disinfectants
Antiseptics

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13
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

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14
Q

What does the culture medium contain?

A

Carbohydrates for energy
Minerals
Nitrogen source to make proteins

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15
Q

How can the bacteria be contaminated?

A

Contact with skin,air,soil and water

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16
Q

Why does the agar plate need to be stored upside down?

A

To stop condensation

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17
Q

Method for growing bacteria

A

1) sterilise the same inoculating loop in the flame of a Bunsen
2) dip the loop in the bacteria you want to grow and use it to make zig zag streaks across the surface of the agar
3) replace the lid on the dish to avoid contamination
4) put adhesive tape on the dish
5) put the dish upside down to avoid condensation

18
Q

Why is the incubation temperature 25 degrees in schools?

A

To avoid the growth of human pathogens which grow at 37 degrees

19
Q

PREVENTING BACTERIAL GROWTH

Low temp-
High temp-
Disinfectant-
Antiseptic-
Antibiotic-
A

Low temp- Slows down/Stops enzyme activity

High temp- Enzymes denature. Bacteria killed

Disinfectant- kills bacteria on surfaces

Antiseptic- kills bacteria on skin

Antibiotic- kills bacteria in the body

20
Q

What are vectors?

1 example

A

Organisms that pass on a disease without being affected themselves

Eg mosquitoes

21
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

When a harmless form of a pathogen is injected into the body so the immune system develops antibodies against it.

22
Q

Why don’t vaccinations work for plants?

A

They don’t have an immune system

23
Q

3 viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV/AIDS
TMV

24
Q

MEASLES

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-
A

Symptoms- Fever and red skin rash

Spread by- inhalation of droplets from coughs

Complications- Blindness and brain damage

Treatment- None

If ill/infected- Isolate

Prevention- vaccination

Future of disease- vaccinate all children

25
Q

HIV/AIDS

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-
A

Symptoms- flu like illness

Spread by- direct sexual contact

Complications- damages immune system

Treatment- antiretroviral drugs

Prevention- use condoms and don’t share needles

26
Q

TMV

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-
A

Symptoms- mosaic pattern on leaves

Spread by- contact between diseased plant material and healthy plant material

Complications- affected areas of leaves don’t photosynthesise so less growth

Treatment- None

If ill/infected- Chopped down and burnt

Prevention- good field hygiene

Future of disease- genetically modify plants that are resistant

27
Q

3 bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
Crown gall

28
Q

Salmonella

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-
A

Symptoms- vomiting diarrhoea

Spread by- bacteria that live in guts of animals consumed by body

Treatment- 2 weeks on antibiotics

Prevention- vaccinate poultry against salmonella

29
Q

Gonorrhoea

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
Future of disease-
A

Symptoms- pain on urination

Spread by- unprotected sexual contact with infected individual

Complications- pelvic pain and infertility

Treatment- antibiotics

Prevention- use condoms

30
Q

2 fungal infections

A

Athletes foot

Rose black spot

31
Q

Rose black spot

Symptoms-
Spread by- 
Complications-
Treatment-
If ill/infected-
Prevention-
A

Symptoms- purple/black spots on leaves

Spread by- fungal spores carried by wind

Complications- less photosynthesis and weakens plant

Treatment- chemical fungicides

If ill/infected- burning affected leaves

Prevention- breeding disease resistant strains

32
Q

1 protist disease

A

Malaria

33
Q

Malaria

Symptoms-
Spread by-
Treatment-
Prevention-

A

Symptoms- headache high fever

Spread by- anopheles mosquito

Treatment- anti-malarial drugs

Prevention- insect repellent and use bed nets

34
Q

3 human skin defences

A

1) clotting seals the wound and stops entry of pathogens
2) antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogenic bacteria
3) skin is covered in bacteria that gives extra layer of protection

35
Q

2 Human respiratory defences

A

Hairs and mucus in nose to trap bacteria

Mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi

36
Q

1 human digestive defence

A

Stomach contains acid to kill microbes in food

37
Q

Why are nitrates important for plants?

A

They are used to convert glucose to amino acids.
Amino acids are used to make proteins.
Proteins are used for growth and repair.

38
Q

What does a nitrate deficiency lead to?

A

Stunted growth

39
Q

How can mineral deficiencies be avoided?

A

Using fertilisers

40
Q

3 physical barriers for plants to prevent diseases

A

Cellulose cell wall - prevents entry of microorganisms
Bark - hard to penetrate
Leaf fall - all leaves fall in autumn. Any pathogen on leaf will fall

41
Q

Chemical barrier for plant disease response

A

Antibacterial chemicals that are effective against bacterial disease pathogens.

42
Q

3 ways plants defend themselves from herbivores

A

Poisons
Thorns
Hairy stems/leaves

Biology (10 decks)

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