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Biology > B13 > Flashcards

B13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual reproduction (4 points)

A

One parent only
Cell divison by mitosis
Offspring are clones
Body cells reproduce asexually to replace worn out tissues

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Need 2 parents (male amd female)
Gametes fuse to form a zygote
Gametes formed by meiosis

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3
Q

Gametes in plants

A

Female-egg cell

Male-pollen

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4
Q

Gametes in animals

A

Female-egg cells

Male-sperm

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5
Q

What happens to chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Halved

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6
Q

Explain meiosis

A

1) all chromosomes copied
2) cell divides in 2
3) both cells divide again forming 4 gametes

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7
Q

What happens after fertilisation?

A

Zygote divides by mitosis to develop into embryo then foetus then baby

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8
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Only need one parent
No need to make gametes
Faster
Used for selective breeding

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9
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

No variation

If one clone cant survive none can

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10
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Produces variation
Survival advantage
Selective breeding

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11
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Takes time and energy
Have to find a mate
Have to make and spread gametes
Slow

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12
Q

How do flowers sexualy reproduce?

A

Gametes produced by meiosis
Pollen reaches egg cells of plant
Pollen fuses with egg cell to form seed

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13
Q

How do flowers asexually reproduce?

A

Produce runners
Runners touch soil
Plnt is developed

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14
Q

When does malaria asexually reproduce?

A

In the host(human)

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15
Q

When does malaria sexually reproduce?

A

In mosquito

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16
Q

What are genes?

A

Small section of DNA that codes for a protein

17
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

18
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

A sugar
A phosphate
A base

19
Q

How is a polynucleotide formed?

A

The phosphate of one nucleotide is formed to the sugar of another nucleotide.

20
Q

How do genes code for proteins?

5

A

1) one strand of dna copied and used to make mRNA
2) mRNA leaves nucleus and binds to a ribosome
3) tRNA with a complementary base pair with mRNA joins together to form a specific protein
4) tRNA detaches from amino acids and mRNA
5) protein change folded into a specific shape that allows it to carry out its function

21
Q

What does it mean when a gene is expressed?

A

Ot is synthesised in the cell

22
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the sequence or amount of DNA.

23
Q

What are the effects of a mutation?

A

Change in shape of the protein
Causes protein to be weaker or stronger
Active site not to bind to substance efficiently
Affects which genes are switched on or off

24
Q

2 inherited disorders

A

Polodactylyl

Cystic fibrosis

25
Q

How to cure cystic fibrosis?

A

Replace faulty gene with a healthy one

Gene therapy

26
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

Carried out in week 15 of pregnancy
Amniotic fluid removed from fetus
Contains fetal cells that can be analysed

27
Q

What is Chorionic vilus sampling?

A

Betwwen week 10and12
Small sample of tissue taken from placenta
Risk of miscarriage

28
Q

Problems with embryo screening?

4

A

Posibility of false positives
Chance of miscarriage
Emotional effects
Expensive

Biology (10 decks)

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