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Biology GCSE AQA (OH) > B5- Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

B5- Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

1
Q
  • What is homeostasis
A
  • Regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions of function in response to internal changes
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2
Q
  • What does homeostasis control
A
  • Optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions
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3
Q

What does homeostasis control inside the human body

A
  • Blood glucose concentration
  • Body temperature
  • Water levels
  • Automatic negative response
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4
Q

What is a Receptor

A
  • Detect a stimulus- change in environment
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5
Q
  • What are

CNS

A
  • Receive and process information from receptor

- Include brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what are effectors

A
  • Bring about responses which restore optimum levels

- E.g muscles and glands

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7
Q
  • What are the steps in the nervous system
A
  • Stimulus- receptor- coordinator - effector- responce
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8
Q

What does the nervous stye, enable

A
  • Humans to react to surroundings an coordinate behaviour
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9
Q
  • How is information passed in the nervous system
A
  • Along neurone
  • Passed as electrical impulses to CNS - brain and spinal cord
  • ## CNS coordinates repose which effectors cary out
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10
Q

What are motor neurones

A
  • Carriers of information from CNS to rest of body
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11
Q

What are sensory neurones

A
  • Cells that carry impulses from organs to CNS
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12
Q

What is a synapse

A
  • A connection between two neurones
  • Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals that diffuse across the gap
  • Set off a new electrical signal
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13
Q
  • What are reflexes
A
  • Rapid, automatic responds to certain stimuli that don’t involve conscious part of brain
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14
Q

What is a reflex arc

A
    • Passage of information in a reflex
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15
Q

What are the steps in a reflex arc

A
  • Neurons in Reflex arc go through spinal cord or brain
  • When stimulus is detected by receptors impulses are sent along sensory neutron to relay neutron in CNS
  • When impulses reach synapse they trigger chemicals to be related and this cares the message along to relay neurones
  • When impulses reach synapse the same chemical process carry it to the motor neurone
  • The impulses travel along to effector e.g muscle
  • Muscle contracts and moves whatever is needed
  • Quicker than normal response as no thinking time is involved
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16
Q

What order does an impulse go in a reaction

A
  • Stimulus
  • Sensory neuron
  • Relay neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Effector
  • Stimulus
  • Re emptor
  • Coordinator
  • Effector
  • Responce
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17
Q

What are the steps in investigating reaction time - Caffeine

A
  • Person being tested should sit with arm resting on edge of table
  • Hold a ruler vertically between thumb and finger- zero end level with this
  • Let go without warning
  • Number on ruler is reaction time
  • Repeated several times and find mean
  • Then break and then test with non-dominant hand
  • Compare results
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18
Q

What is reaction time

A
  • The time it takes to respond to a stimulus - can be effected by age, gender or drugs
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19
Q
  • How can reaction time be measured using a computer
A
  • Simple computer tests can be used to measure reaction time
  • E.g click a mouse in response to stimulus
  • Computers give a more precise reading and more accurate
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20
Q
  • What are hormones
A

Chemical messengers in the flood

- control organs in the body

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21
Q

What is the endocrine system

A
  • Composed of glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood
  • Carries to target organ
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22
Q

How does the enforcing system compare to the nervous system

A
  • The endocrine system is slower than the nervous system however the effects act for longer
  • Hormons act generally, nerves act specifically
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23
Q

What is the Pituitary gland

A
  • The ,aster gland- several hormones - stimulate others glands
  • Brain
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24
Q

What is the thyroid gland

A
  • Produces thyroxine
  • Involved in regulating metabolism, heart rate and temperature
  • Upper part of body near throat
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25
Q
  • What are the ovaries gland
A
  • Produce oestrogen

- Involved in menstrual cycle

26
Q

What is the adrenal gland

A
  • Produces adrenaline
  • Fight of flight
  • Kidney area
27
Q

What is the pancreas (gland)

A
  • Produces insulin- controls blood glucose level
28
Q

What are the testes gland

A
  • produces testosterone

- Puberty and sperm production

29
Q

What is blood glucose controlled by

A
  • The pancreas

- Controlled and maintained

30
Q

What two hormones control blood glucose level

A
  • Insulin and glucagon
31
Q

What are the steps in who your body regulates blood glucose

A
  • If blood glucose is too high- insulin released by pancreas- Insulin makes liver turn glucose in glycogen - Glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells
  • If blood glucose is Low then glucagon is added- pancreas
  • Glucose is related into blood by liber- makes liver turn glycogen in liver
32
Q
  • What is type one diabetes
A
  • Pancreas produces little or no insulin
  • high blood glucose levels - controlled during insulin injections- Insulin therapy
  • Limit intake of simple cars and increase regular exercise -
  • Genetic
33
Q

What is type two diabetes

A
  • Person becomes ressistant to their own insulin- still produce it
  • blood glucose can rise to dangerous levels
  • Being overweight increases chance
  • Can be controlled with carb controlled diet and regular exercise
34
Q

What is diabetes

A
  • A condition that effects your ability to control your blood glucose levels
35
Q

Compare type one and two diabetes

A
  • Both uncontrolled blood glucose levels
  • Both have hereditary factors
  • Type two is more down to own actions
36
Q

What do hormones do at puberty

A
  • Promote sexual characteristics
  • Men- Testosterone- Sperm production- secondary characteristics
  • Women- Oestrogen- ovaries- physical changes- menstrual cycle
37
Q

What are the four stages in the central cycle

A
  • Stage - 1- Day one - Restoration starts- uterus lining breaks down four about 4 days
  • Stage 2- 4-14 Uterus lining starts building again- Thick spongy layer of blood- ready for egg
  • Stage 3- Day 14 Egg released- ovulation
  • Stage 4- Wall maintained- 14-28- IF no fertilised egg lands- stage one starts again
38
Q

What are the four hormones in the menstrual cycle

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Luteinising hormone
  • Progesterone
39
Q
  • What is oestrogen- Menstrual
A
  • Produces in ovaries
  • causes lining of uterus to grow
  • Stimulates the release of LH- egg
  • Inhibits the release of FSH
40
Q

What is FSH- menstrual

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Pituitary
  • Casuses egg to mature - in follicle
  • Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
41
Q

What is Luteinising hormone

A
  • Produced by pituitary

- Stimulates the release of an egg

42
Q

What is progesterone

A
  • Produces by ovaries by remains of follicle after ovulation
  • Maintains lining of uterus during second half - when falls lining breaks down
  • Inhibits relate of LH and FSH
43
Q

How do the hormones in the menstrual cycle interact

A
  • Oestrogen- Stimulates LH- Inhibits FSH
  • Progesterone- Inhibits LH and FSH
  • FSH- Stimulates oestrogen
44
Q

How do the levels of each hormone change throughout the menstrual cycle

A
  • FSH- starts high- dips around day 14- ends high

LH-peaks at day 14

  • Progesterone- Starts low- increases and radians high from the days 14-28
  • Oestrogen- Increases from ay 4-14- Stays low the rest of the time
45
Q
  • How can hormones be use in contraception
A
  • Hormones can be used to reduce fertility
46
Q

How can oestrogen be used to stop fertility

A
  • oestrogen can stop the release of an egg- inhibits FSH - after a while egg development stop and stay stopped
47
Q

How can progesterone be used to stop fertility

A
  • Progesterone reduces fertility- thick mucus prevents sore getting through
48
Q

How is the pill used to reduce fertility

A
  • Pill is an oral contraceptive that contains both oestrogen and progesterone
    • Combined oral contraceptive pill
  • 99% effective
  • Side effects- headaches and nausea
  • Also a progesterone only pill
49
Q

What are other forms of hormonal contraceptives

A
  • Contraceptive patch- Oestrogen and progesterone- lasts one week
  • Implant- under skin- progesterone- continuous- last for up to 3 years
  • Injection- progesterone-2/3 months
  • IUD- kill sperm- prevent implantation of egg
50
Q

What are the barrier methods of contraception

A
  • Condoms- female condoms - protect against STIs
  • Diaphragm- plastic cup- cervix- spermicide- Kills sperm
  • spermicide- only 70-80% effective
51
Q

What are the more drastic/unconventional methods of contraception

A
  • Sterilisation- Cutting or tying fallopian tubes or sperm duct- permanent
  • Natural- rhythm method- not having sex during periods of high fertility
  • Abstinence
52
Q
  • How can hormones be used to INCREASE fertility
A
  • Low levels of FHS can ,sam eggs mature
  • Levels of FSH and LH can be given to women to stimulate ovulation
    • Doesn’t always work and can lead to to many eggs
53
Q

What is IVF

A
  • If a woman cannot get pregnant using meds she may choose to have IVF
  • IVF involves collecting eggs and fertilising them in an lab
54
Q

How does IVF work

A
  • Intra-Cytoplasmic sperm injection
  • Sperm injected directly into egg
  • Fertilised egg then grown in lab incubator
  • When they are a tiny ball of cells- two are transferred to woman uterus
  • FSH and LH are given before hand to stimulate eggs to mature
55
Q

What are the pros and cons of IVF

A
  • Pro- infertile people can have children
  • COn- Multiple births are more common- risqué
    _ Success rate is low- UK26%
  • Some woman have strong reactions to her,omg
56
Q

What development has been seen in IVF

A
  • Micro tools
  • Genetic testing of cells
    _ Time lapse imaging- knitter success
57
Q

Why are some people against IVF

A
  • Result sin unused embryos
  • Potential human life- unethical
  • Genetic testing- ethics- preferred characteristics
58
Q

What is adrenaline

A
  • Adrenaline is a hormone that related by adrenal gland
  • Responce to stress of fear
  • Get body ready for gift or flight- increase glucose and oxygen supply to brain and muscle
  • Increases heart rate
59
Q

What is negative feedback and how is it seen in thyroxine and thyroid stimulation hormone

A
  • When body detects that levels of something above or below optimum level triggers repose to bring it back
  • When level of thyroxine is higher than normal stimulating hormone is stopped- this reduces the level- revise is also tue
60
Q

What is thyroxine

A
  • Hormone produced by thyroid gland
  • Basica metabolic rate - Protein synthesis
  • Responce to stimulating hormone from pituitary gland

Biology GCSE AQA (OH) (9 decks)

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