B-3 Infection and response Flashcards
1
Q
What is a pathogen
A
- Pathogen is a microorganism that can cause infection disease
- may be bacteria, virus, protists or fungi
- Can be seen in plants or animals.
2
Q
What are the characteristic of viruses and bacteria
A
- Bacteria- very small cells- reproduce rapidly- may produce toxins that damage cells and produce toxins
- Virus- not cells- tiny- reproduce rapidly inside body live inside cells and replicate- spread- cell damage makes you feel ill- burst and release new virus
3
Q
What are the characteristics of Fungi and protists
A
- Protists- All eukaryotes- most single celled- some parasites- live on or inside organisms and cause damage
- Often carrie day vector who does not get disease
- Fungi- Single celled or body made fro hyphae- grow and penetrate human skin and surface and skin causing disease
- Can produce spores which spread to other plants and animals
4
Q
- How can pathogens spread
A
- Water- Drinking or bathing- e.g cholera.
- Air- carried in air and breathed in- cough or sneeze e.g influenza virus
- Direct contact- Touching- e.g skin. E.g athletes foot
5
Q
- What is measles
A
- Viral disease showing symptoms of fever and red skin
- Serious can be fatal with complications
- Spread through inhalation of droplets from infected persons sneezes of coughs
- Children are vaccinated against it
6
Q
- What is HIV
A
- Initially causes flu like symptoms - can feel no symptoms for years after
- Unless controlled with antiretroviral drugs it can attack immune system
- Can cause AIDS when boys immune system becomes so weak it cannot cope with infection or cares
- Spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids- e.g needles
7
Q
What is Tobacco mosaic virus
A
- Plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes
- Causes mosiac pattern - discolouration
- Lack of photosynthesis - lac of growth
8
Q
What is Rose black spot
A
- A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on the leave- often turn yellow and drop
- Photosynthesise reduced- growth-
- Spread in water or wind
- Treated using fungicides and removing affected leaves
9
Q
What is malaria
A
- Pathogens cause malaria are protists
- Life cycle that includes mosquito
- Causes episodes of fever- can be maya;
- Prevent vectors from breeding and using mosquito nets
10
Q
What is salmonella
A
- Food poisoning spread by bacteria - secrete toxins
- Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
- Uk most poultry vaccinated- limits spread
- Contaminated eating
11
Q
- WHAT IS GONORRHOEA
A
- STI-
- Thick yellow discharge and pain when urinating
- caused by bacteria
- Used to be easily treated with penicillin- became resistant
- Barrier method anti antibiotics
12
Q
What can be done to reduce the risk of the spread of disease
A
- Being hygienic- stop you infecting
- Destroying vectors- protists cannot be transferred
- Isolating infected individuals- stops spreading
- Vaccination- Can’t get it
13
Q
What is the non-specific defence system
A
- Skin- Barrier- antimicrobial substance- kill pathogens
- Hairs and mucus- trap practices that contain pathogens
- Trachea and bronchi- Cilla- waft mucus that contains pathogens back up
- Stomach- hydrochloric acid- kill
14
Q
What are phagocytes
A
- White blood cells
- Engulf and digest
- Foreign cells
15
Q
What role do white blood cells have on your immune system,
A
- Travel around and attack and destroy pathogens
16
Q
What are lymphocytes- Antibodies
A
- Every pathogen has unique antigens on surface
- When white blood cells come across foreign antigen they produce antibodies-
- These antibodies lock on so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells- try new antigens - will only lockout that one
- Antibodies produced rapidly and carried to do to all cells
- Stored as memory lymphocytes so if they come back again can be destroyed quickly
