B-2 Organisation Flashcards
What is differentiation
Differential is the process which cells become specialised for a particular job. Happens during development
What is a tissue
- A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry our a particular function
- Examples include Muscle tissue
Glandular tissue
What are Organs
- Organs are groups of different tissue that work together to carry out a function
- e.g Stomach
What is an Organ system
- AN organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
- e.g digestive system
Organ systems work together to create organisms
What are enzymes
- Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things
- - A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
Explain the lock and key enzyme meaning
- Every enzyme has a active site with a unique chase that fits onto the substance in a reaction
- usually only catalyse on type of reaction
- The active light is filled with the reactant and it breaks it down to increase the rate of reaction
What effect can temperature and PH have on Enzyme
- Enzymes have optimum temperatures at which they work best
- if too hot the bonds holding together beak and the enzyme becomes denatured
- The PH also can have a similar effect
What is the equation of rate of reaction
rate of reaction = Amount of substance // time taken
What is Carbohydrase
- It breaks down carbohydrates into sugar
e. g Amalayse
- Breaks down starch to sugars
- Made in Saliva, pancreas and small intestine
What is Protease
- Protein break down proteins into amino acids
- They’re made in the stomach . Pancreas. Small intestine
What is Lipase
- Lipase converts lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids
- They’re made in the pancreas and small intestine
- What is Bile and what is its function
- Bile is produced in the liver
- its stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine
- It emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
- The PH is too acidic in the stomach for enzymes so it makes it possible for it to work
- It emulsifies fats giving it a higher surface area- therefore increasing the rate of reaction
Explain the difference part of the digestive systems roll in digestion
- Salivary glands - Produce amylase to breakdown carbs
- Gullet- To move food from mouth to stomach
- Stomach- Pummels food with muscular walls. Produces pepsin. Hydrochloric acid- kill bacteria and Optimum for pepsin
- Liver- Produces Bile
- Pancreas- Where protease, amylase and lipase are produced. Realises to small intestine
- Large intestine- Exces water absorbed
- Small intestine- Enzymes active for digestion. Nutrients absorbed into blood
- Rectum- poo stored
How do you tests for sugars
Benedict’s solution
- 5cm3 of food in tube
- Prepare water bath at 75oc
- Add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to test tube
- Place in water for 5 mins.
- If sugar is present it will change form blue to green, yellow or red depending on amount of sugar
How do you test for starch
Iodine solution
- Food sample 5cm3 in test tube
- Add iodine solution and shake
- If starch is present it will turn blue-black or black
How to test for Proteins
Biuret test
- Prepare 2cm3 sample of food
- Add 2cm3 of buret solution to sample and shale
- If Protein is present it will change from blue to pink or purple
How to test for Lipids
- Sudan III test
- Prepare sample of 5cm3 of food
- Add three drops of Sudan III stain solution and shake gently
- If lipid is present it will separate into two layers. With a top bright red layer
Explain the structure of the lungs
- Lungs are in the Thorax
- Separated from bottom part of the body by the Diaphragm
- Lungs are like sponge protected by the ribcage. Surrounded by Pleural membranes
_ when you breathe air it goes through the Trachea. - This splits into bronchi which go into each lung
- These further split into bronchioles
- These end at small bags called alveoli. Where gas exchange takes place
Explain how gas exchange happens at the Alveoli
- Lungs contain millions of small air sacks called Alveoli
- They are surrounded by blood capillaries where gas exchange happens
- Blood passing next to Alveoli contains lots of co2 and little oxygen
- Blood diffuses out of Alveoli into the blood. And the reverse happens into the Alveoli with co2 replacing it and breathed out
- When blood reaches body cells oxygen is related from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells
- At same time co2 diffuses out of body cells where it is carried to Alveoli
Explain how blood moves around the heart
- Blood flows into the heart through the Pulmonary artery and Vena cava
- The Atria contract oyesses blood into ventricles
- The ventricles contrast and forces the blood into pulmonary artery and aorta out off heart
- left side- Oxygenated
- right de-oxygenated
What is a pacemaker and why is it the heart
- Your resting heart rate if controlled by a group of cells called a pacemaker
- These cells produce small electoral impose when dashes surrounding muscle cells to contract
- Artificial ones are often used
- Located outside right atrium
Describe the different type of blood vessel and their function
- Arteries- carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. Thick walls . Layers of muscle. Thin lumen
Viens- Low pressure. Carry blood to heart. Thin walls. Large lumen. valves to ensure right direction
- Capillaries- Very small. Carry blood very close to every cell to exchange substances. Permeable walls. One cell thick walls
How do you calculate rate of blood flow
- Rate of blood flow= volume of blood// number of mins
What are the parts of the bloods functions and shape
- Red blood cells- Carry oxygen. Biconcave disc allows large surface area. Don’t have e nucleus.
- White blood cells- defend against infection. Phagocytes- engulf. Lymphocytes- Antibodies. Do have a nucleus
- Platelets- Small fragment of cells. Helps blood clots at wounds
- Plasma- Liquid that carries the rest of the blood. Carries nutrients. cells. co2 . urea. Hormones. proteins. Antibodies
What is the heart
- An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double ventricle system
- Right ventricle to lungs gas
- Left ventricle- around rest of body
what is cardiovascular disease
- a term used to describe diseases of the heart or blood vessel
What is contrary heart disease
- Where layers of fatty material build up inside contrary arteries
- This narrows them and in turn reduced the flood flow through them. Causing a lack of oxygen for the heart
What are stents and what are the advantages and disbadvatges for treating cardiovascular issues
- Tubes that are inserted inside arteries
- They keep them open and make it possible for blood to pass through
- Postitive - Lower the risk of heart attack. Effective for a long time and quick recovery time
negative- Complications from surgery- risk of infection- blood clot thrombosis
What are statins and the advantages and disadvantages of them
- Statins reduce cholesterol in the blood
- Cholesterol can cause fatty deposits to form, leading to contrary heart disease
Advantages- Reduce health risks. Increase good cholesterol. Studies show prevent other disease
Disbadvatges - Long- term may forget. Some negative side effects. Isn’t instant
- Explain the use of artificial hearts
- IF there aren’t organs available they use artificial hearts for surgery in cases of heart failure
- Mechanical devises that pump blood around body
- Temporary fix to keep alive
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts
- Advantages- Less likely to be rejected. Keep people alive
- Disbadvatges- Short term. surgery can lead to infection or bleeding. Don’t work as well as natural ones- not as smooth blood flow
- What is a faulty valve and what are the consequences of them
- Valves in heart can be damaged or weakened by heart attacks, infection or old age
- Damage may cause valve tissue to stiffen- won’t open properly
- Blood can flow both ways and won’t be as effective
- May have to be replaced- humans or animals - biological
Mechanical- machine made - Less drastic surgery
How can artificial blood be used
- Blood substitute e.g saline which is used to replace blood lost.
- Can even stay alive if they lose 2/3 of red blood cells
- Work on it
What is health
- The state of physical and mental well being
- What are the different types of disease
- Communicable- spread from person to person or between animals and people. Caused by baertia virus ect. Measles and malaria
- Non-communicable- Cannot spread between people . Long term. Get worse slowly. Cancer and Coronary heart disease
What are the major factors in health
- Disease
- Diet
- Stress
- Life situations
How do disease interact
- Defects into immune system and mean more likely to get infectious disease e.g flu
- Virsues in cells can cause cancers e.g hepatitis - liver cancer
- Immune reactions initially caused by pathogen can lead to allergies such as skin rashes or asmah
- Mental health issues- severe physical ill health
-What are risk factors
- Factors that are linked to an increase rate of disease
- Include either aspect of lifestyle
- substances in person body or environment
- many diseased are caused by risk factors interacting
What risk factors can see a proven link to a disease
- Diet and smoking on cardiovascular
- Obesity- type 2 diabetes
- Alcohol - liver and brain function
- Smoking and drinking when pregnant issues
- carcinogens including ionising radiation causes cancer
What is cancer
- Cancer is caused by uncontrollable growth and division that are due to a result of change in a cell
What is a benign tumour
- Tumours of growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
- Usually within membrane
- Do not invade other part of body
What is a malignant tumour
- Malignant tumour cells are cancers
- Invade neighbouring tissues and spread
- May cause secondary tumours
What are the risk factors in getting cancer
1- Lifestyle- Smoking. Obesity. Uv exposure. Viral infection- hepatitis
- Genetic- inherit faulty genes. More likely. E.g BRCA breast cancer
- What are the layers of a leaf
- Waxy Cuticle
- Epidermal tissue
- Palisade mesophyll tissue
- Spongy mesophyll tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Epidermal tissu
What are examples of plant tissues and was are there functions
- Epidermal tissue- covers whole plant
- Paleside mesophyll layer- where photosynthesis happens
- Spongy mesophyll layer- Contains big air spaces to allow gasses to diffuse in and out of the cells
- Xylem, Phloem- Transport water, minerals and food around the plant
- Meristem tissue- growing tips and shoots, differentiate into different types of plant cell
How are the waxy cuticle and upper epidermis cell’s structure related to the function
- Waxy cuticle- Reduce water loss by evaporation. Water runs off- no rotting
- Upper epidermis- Transparent- allows for maximum light for photosynthesis
How is the palisade layer and xylem and phloem related to there function
- Paleside- Lots of chloroplasts- near too of leaf- maximise light for photosynthesis
- Xylem and Phloem- Support structure, Vascular bundles- long can reach roots for minerals
How have the tissue of a leaf adapted for gas exchange
- Lower epidermis- full of stomata- co2 directly diffuses
- guard cells- control co2 and stomata- protect leaf
- Spongy mesophyll- increase rate of gas exchange- large air bubbles
What is the phloem’s function
- to transport food
- made in leaves and brought to leaves for immediate use or for storage
- Translocation
- Both directions
What is the Xylem’s function
- Made up of dead cells joined end to end with no walls- hole down the middle
- Strengthened by lignin
- Carry water and minerals ions from the roots to stem and leaves
- from roots to out of system is transpiration
What is transpiration
- Caused by evaporation and diffusion
- Happens mostly put the leaves
- Causes slight shortage- so more water from xylem is taken up
- Constant
HOW do light intensity levels and temperature effect the level of transpiration
- Light intensity- Brighter light- faster rate- Stomata don’t open when dark as photosynthesis can’t happen- no need for co2- less water can escape
- Temperature- Warmer- faster evaporation- more energy in particles- diffuse faster
What effect do air flow and humidity have on the level of transpiration
- AIR FLOW -better air flow- higher rate- If poor water vapour doesn’t move away- means high concentration of water- slow rate. Reverse is true
Humidity- lower- higher- like air flow- no concentration gradient- slower
How have guard cells adapted
- Kidney shape which opens and closes stomata
- When lots of water is present they plump- stomata open- photosynthesis
- Short of water- placid- stomata clos- water can’t escape
- Thin outer walls- thick inner0 opening and closing works
- Sensitive to light- c;use- water can’t be ;pst
- Undersides- cooler- less water lost
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