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Biology GCSE AQA (OH) > B-2 Organisation > Flashcards

B-2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is differentiation

A

Differential is the process which cells become specialised for a particular job. Happens during development

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A
  • A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry our a particular function
  • Examples include Muscle tissue
    Glandular tissue
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3
Q

What are Organs

A
  • Organs are groups of different tissue that work together to carry out a function
  • e.g Stomach
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4
Q

What is an Organ system

A
  • AN organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function
  • e.g digestive system

Organ systems work together to create organisms

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5
Q

What are enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things

- - A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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6
Q

Explain the lock and key enzyme meaning

A
  • Every enzyme has a active site with a unique chase that fits onto the substance in a reaction
  • usually only catalyse on type of reaction
  • The active light is filled with the reactant and it breaks it down to increase the rate of reaction
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7
Q

What effect can temperature and PH have on Enzyme

A
  • Enzymes have optimum temperatures at which they work best
  • if too hot the bonds holding together beak and the enzyme becomes denatured
  • The PH also can have a similar effect
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8
Q

What is the equation of rate of reaction

A

rate of reaction = Amount of substance // time taken

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9
Q

What is Carbohydrase

A
  • It breaks down carbohydrates into sugar

e. g Amalayse
- Breaks down starch to sugars
- Made in Saliva, pancreas and small intestine

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10
Q

What is Protease

A
  • Protein break down proteins into amino acids

- They’re made in the stomach . Pancreas. Small intestine

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11
Q

What is Lipase

A
  • Lipase converts lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids

- They’re made in the pancreas and small intestine

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12
Q
  • What is Bile and what is its function
A
  • Bile is produced in the liver
  • its stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine
  • It emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
  • The PH is too acidic in the stomach for enzymes so it makes it possible for it to work
  • It emulsifies fats giving it a higher surface area- therefore increasing the rate of reaction
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13
Q

Explain the difference part of the digestive systems roll in digestion

A
  • Salivary glands - Produce amylase to breakdown carbs
  • Gullet- To move food from mouth to stomach
  • Stomach- Pummels food with muscular walls. Produces pepsin. Hydrochloric acid- kill bacteria and Optimum for pepsin
  • Liver- Produces Bile
  • Pancreas- Where protease, amylase and lipase are produced. Realises to small intestine
  • Large intestine- Exces water absorbed
  • Small intestine- Enzymes active for digestion. Nutrients absorbed into blood
  • Rectum- poo stored
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14
Q

How do you tests for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

  • 5cm3 of food in tube
  • Prepare water bath at 75oc
  • Add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to test tube
  • Place in water for 5 mins.
  • If sugar is present it will change form blue to green, yellow or red depending on amount of sugar
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15
Q

How do you test for starch

A

Iodine solution

  • Food sample 5cm3 in test tube
  • Add iodine solution and shake
  • If starch is present it will turn blue-black or black
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16
Q

How to test for Proteins

A

Biuret test

  • Prepare 2cm3 sample of food
  • Add 2cm3 of buret solution to sample and shale
  • If Protein is present it will change from blue to pink or purple
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17
Q

How to test for Lipids

A
  • Sudan III test
  • Prepare sample of 5cm3 of food
  • Add three drops of Sudan III stain solution and shake gently
  • If lipid is present it will separate into two layers. With a top bright red layer
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18
Q

Explain the structure of the lungs

A
  • Lungs are in the Thorax
  • Separated from bottom part of the body by the Diaphragm
  • Lungs are like sponge protected by the ribcage. Surrounded by Pleural membranes
    _ when you breathe air it goes through the Trachea.
  • This splits into bronchi which go into each lung
  • These further split into bronchioles
  • These end at small bags called alveoli. Where gas exchange takes place
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19
Q

Explain how gas exchange happens at the Alveoli

A
  • Lungs contain millions of small air sacks called Alveoli
  • They are surrounded by blood capillaries where gas exchange happens
  • Blood passing next to Alveoli contains lots of co2 and little oxygen
  • Blood diffuses out of Alveoli into the blood. And the reverse happens into the Alveoli with co2 replacing it and breathed out
  • When blood reaches body cells oxygen is related from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells
  • At same time co2 diffuses out of body cells where it is carried to Alveoli
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20
Q

Explain how blood moves around the heart

A
  • Blood flows into the heart through the Pulmonary artery and Vena cava
  • The Atria contract oyesses blood into ventricles
  • The ventricles contrast and forces the blood into pulmonary artery and aorta out off heart
  • left side- Oxygenated
  • right de-oxygenated
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21
Q

What is a pacemaker and why is it the heart

A
  • Your resting heart rate if controlled by a group of cells called a pacemaker
  • These cells produce small electoral impose when dashes surrounding muscle cells to contract
  • Artificial ones are often used
  • Located outside right atrium
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22
Q

Describe the different type of blood vessel and their function

A
  • Arteries- carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. Thick walls . Layers of muscle. Thin lumen

Viens- Low pressure. Carry blood to heart. Thin walls. Large lumen. valves to ensure right direction

  • Capillaries- Very small. Carry blood very close to every cell to exchange substances. Permeable walls. One cell thick walls
23
Q

How do you calculate rate of blood flow

A
  • Rate of blood flow= volume of blood// number of mins
24
Q

What are the parts of the bloods functions and shape

A
  • Red blood cells- Carry oxygen. Biconcave disc allows large surface area. Don’t have e nucleus.
  • White blood cells- defend against infection. Phagocytes- engulf. Lymphocytes- Antibodies. Do have a nucleus
  • Platelets- Small fragment of cells. Helps blood clots at wounds
  • Plasma- Liquid that carries the rest of the blood. Carries nutrients. cells. co2 . urea. Hormones. proteins. Antibodies
25
Q

What is the heart

A
  • An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double ventricle system
  • Right ventricle to lungs gas
  • Left ventricle- around rest of body
26
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A
  • a term used to describe diseases of the heart or blood vessel
27
Q

What is contrary heart disease

A
  • Where layers of fatty material build up inside contrary arteries
  • This narrows them and in turn reduced the flood flow through them. Causing a lack of oxygen for the heart
28
Q

What are stents and what are the advantages and disbadvatges for treating cardiovascular issues

A
  • Tubes that are inserted inside arteries
  • They keep them open and make it possible for blood to pass through
  • Postitive - Lower the risk of heart attack. Effective for a long time and quick recovery time

negative- Complications from surgery- risk of infection- blood clot thrombosis

29
Q

What are statins and the advantages and disadvantages of them

A
  • Statins reduce cholesterol in the blood
  • Cholesterol can cause fatty deposits to form, leading to contrary heart disease

Advantages- Reduce health risks. Increase good cholesterol. Studies show prevent other disease

Disbadvatges - Long- term may forget. Some negative side effects. Isn’t instant

30
Q
  • Explain the use of artificial hearts
A
  • IF there aren’t organs available they use artificial hearts for surgery in cases of heart failure
  • Mechanical devises that pump blood around body
  • Temporary fix to keep alive
31
Q

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts

A
  • Advantages- Less likely to be rejected. Keep people alive
  • Disbadvatges- Short term. surgery can lead to infection or bleeding. Don’t work as well as natural ones- not as smooth blood flow
32
Q
  • What is a faulty valve and what are the consequences of them
A
  • Valves in heart can be damaged or weakened by heart attacks, infection or old age
  • Damage may cause valve tissue to stiffen- won’t open properly
  • Blood can flow both ways and won’t be as effective
  • May have to be replaced- humans or animals - biological
    Mechanical- machine made
  • Less drastic surgery
33
Q

How can artificial blood be used

A
  • Blood substitute e.g saline which is used to replace blood lost.
  • Can even stay alive if they lose 2/3 of red blood cells
  • Work on it
34
Q

What is health

A
  • The state of physical and mental well being
35
Q
  • What are the different types of disease
A
  • Communicable- spread from person to person or between animals and people. Caused by baertia virus ect. Measles and malaria
  • Non-communicable- Cannot spread between people . Long term. Get worse slowly. Cancer and Coronary heart disease
36
Q

What are the major factors in health

A
  • Disease
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Life situations
37
Q

How do disease interact

A
  • Defects into immune system and mean more likely to get infectious disease e.g flu
  • Virsues in cells can cause cancers e.g hepatitis - liver cancer
  • Immune reactions initially caused by pathogen can lead to allergies such as skin rashes or asmah
  • Mental health issues- severe physical ill health
38
Q

-What are risk factors

A
  • Factors that are linked to an increase rate of disease
  • Include either aspect of lifestyle
  • substances in person body or environment
  • many diseased are caused by risk factors interacting
39
Q

What risk factors can see a proven link to a disease

A
  • Diet and smoking on cardiovascular
  • Obesity- type 2 diabetes
  • Alcohol - liver and brain function
  • Smoking and drinking when pregnant issues
  • carcinogens including ionising radiation causes cancer
40
Q

What is cancer

A
  • Cancer is caused by uncontrollable growth and division that are due to a result of change in a cell
41
Q

What is a benign tumour

A
  • Tumours of growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area
  • Usually within membrane
  • Do not invade other part of body
42
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A
  • Malignant tumour cells are cancers
  • Invade neighbouring tissues and spread
  • May cause secondary tumours
43
Q

What are the risk factors in getting cancer

A

1- Lifestyle- Smoking. Obesity. Uv exposure. Viral infection- hepatitis

  • Genetic- inherit faulty genes. More likely. E.g BRCA breast cancer
44
Q
  • What are the layers of a leaf
A
  • Waxy Cuticle
  • Epidermal tissue
  • Palisade mesophyll tissue
  • Spongy mesophyll tissue
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Epidermal tissu
45
Q

What are examples of plant tissues and was are there functions

A
  • Epidermal tissue- covers whole plant
  • Paleside mesophyll layer- where photosynthesis happens
  • Spongy mesophyll layer- Contains big air spaces to allow gasses to diffuse in and out of the cells
  • Xylem, Phloem- Transport water, minerals and food around the plant
  • Meristem tissue- growing tips and shoots, differentiate into different types of plant cell
46
Q

How are the waxy cuticle and upper epidermis cell’s structure related to the function

A
  • Waxy cuticle- Reduce water loss by evaporation. Water runs off- no rotting
  • Upper epidermis- Transparent- allows for maximum light for photosynthesis
47
Q

How is the palisade layer and xylem and phloem related to there function

A
  • Paleside- Lots of chloroplasts- near too of leaf- maximise light for photosynthesis
  • Xylem and Phloem- Support structure, Vascular bundles- long can reach roots for minerals
48
Q

How have the tissue of a leaf adapted for gas exchange

A
  • Lower epidermis- full of stomata- co2 directly diffuses
  • guard cells- control co2 and stomata- protect leaf
  • Spongy mesophyll- increase rate of gas exchange- large air bubbles
49
Q

What is the phloem’s function

A
  • to transport food
  • made in leaves and brought to leaves for immediate use or for storage
  • Translocation
  • Both directions
50
Q

What is the Xylem’s function

A
  • Made up of dead cells joined end to end with no walls- hole down the middle
  • Strengthened by lignin
  • Carry water and minerals ions from the roots to stem and leaves
  • from roots to out of system is transpiration
51
Q

What is transpiration

A
  • Caused by evaporation and diffusion
  • Happens mostly put the leaves
  • Causes slight shortage- so more water from xylem is taken up
  • Constant
52
Q

HOW do light intensity levels and temperature effect the level of transpiration

A
  • Light intensity- Brighter light- faster rate- Stomata don’t open when dark as photosynthesis can’t happen- no need for co2- less water can escape
  • Temperature- Warmer- faster evaporation- more energy in particles- diffuse faster
53
Q

What effect do air flow and humidity have on the level of transpiration

A
  • AIR FLOW -better air flow- higher rate- If poor water vapour doesn’t move away- means high concentration of water- slow rate. Reverse is true

Humidity- lower- higher- like air flow- no concentration gradient- slower

54
Q

How have guard cells adapted

A
  • Kidney shape which opens and closes stomata
  • When lots of water is present they plump- stomata open- photosynthesis
  • Short of water- placid- stomata clos- water can’t escape
  • Thin outer walls- thick inner0 opening and closing works
  • Sensitive to light- c;use- water can’t be ;pst
  • Undersides- cooler- less water lost

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Biology GCSE AQA (OH) (9 decks)

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