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Biology GCSE AQA (OH) > B-1 Cells > Flashcards

B-1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle and centre of most cells (Eukaryotic) which contains genetic information.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A water based gel found in cells that most organelle are found in.

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

The membrane around a cell that controls what comes in and out of it.

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

The powerhouse of the cell

Where respiration takes place

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

The sight of protein synthesis in a cell

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

The structure around plant cells to make them stronger

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7
Q

Vacuole

A

Large organelles found in cells containing fluids or waste

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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

The organelles where photosynthesis takes place

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane bound organelles
Multi cellular
Mitochondria present

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Single cells
No membrane bound organelles
No mitochondria

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11
Q

Plasmid

A

A double stranded DNA that is able to replicate chromosomal DNA

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12
Q

Order of magnitude

A

Numbers written timesed by the power of 10. Used to show the size of cells

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13
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A

Stretched out ends.

Long body to reach other cells

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14
Q

Muscle cell adaptations

A

Allows them to communicate

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15
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

Long tail to swim.

Head to burrow into egg.

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16
Q

Root hair cells adaptations

A

Large surface area to speed up osmosis.

17
Q

What are chromosomes

A
  • Chromsomes contrair genetic information
  • Carry a large number of genes
  • Travel in pairs
18
Q

Describe the stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth and DNA replication

  • DNA is spread out along long strings
  • Before it decides it increases in size and increases amount of subcelluar structures
  • Then DNA is duplicated.

Mitosis

  • The chromosomes are lined up at the centre of the cell and pulled apart to opposite ends
  • Membranes form around the sets of chromosomes. These form the nucleus.
  • Lastly the cyctoplasm and cell membrane divide
19
Q

What are stem cells

A
  • Stem cells are undifferentiated (unspecialised) cells

- They can differentiate into other form of cell dependant on the need

20
Q

Where can stem cells be found

A

Stem cells can be found in Embryos - can specialise widely

Human bone barrow- less variety in what they can change into

21
Q

What are the benefits of stem cells

A
  • Stem cells can be used to cure diseases.
  • Embryonic stem cells can be transferred to sick people e.g diabetes
  • There is no risk of rejection as it adapts to people
  • Can produce identical plants
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of stem cells

A
  • Some people feel human embryos should unit be used as they are potential human life
  • Embryos cannot consent
  • It can be very expensive
23
Q

What is diffusion

A
  • Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area o high concentration to low concentration across a concentration gradient
  • The higher the gradient the faster the rate
  • The higher the temperature the faster the rate
24
Q

What type of substances can diffusion take place

A
  • Gasses and liquids as they have free particles that can move
25
Q

How do cell membranes use diffusion

A
  • Cell membranes hold the cell together
  • They also let things in and out through diffusion
  • Only very small molecules can diffuse through this
  • The larger the surface area of the membrane the faster the division rate
26
Q

What is osmosis

A
  • Osmosis is the moment of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
  • It is a type of diffusion
27
Q

What is active transport

A

-Active transport IS the movement of substances against a concentration gradient- using ATP energy

28
Q

Why is active transport needed

A
  • Active transport is needed as for example trees need minerals that are in lower concentrations in the soil. It has to get these through this
  • Humans also need it in the gut where there is a lower concentration of nutrients but a higher concentration in the blood. We have to access this glucoseH and we do so through active transport
29
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio influence rate of reactions

A
  • The higher the surface area to volume ratio the faster the rate of reaction
  • IT allows for the faster exchange of substances between organisms e.g. cells
30
Q

What are some adaptations in cells to increase surface area to volume ratio and increase rate of relations between cells

A
  • Thin cell membrane for fast diffusion
  • Large surface area
  • Large amounts of blood vessels
  • Gas exchange surfaces
31
Q

How have the alveoli in the lungs adapted for fast gas exchange

A
  • Alveoli
  • Huge surface area- 75m2- large SA/V ratio
  • Moist lining for dissolving gasses
  • Very thin walls
  • Good blood supply
32
Q

How has the Villli in the small intestine adapted for fast gas exchange

A
  • Villi
  • Increase the surface area and food is absorbed more quickly into the blood
  • Millions present
    _ single thin layer
    _ very good blood supply
33
Q

How are leaves sectored to aid fast gas exchange

A
  • The underneath of the leaf has stomata where co2 can come through
  • Oxygen and water can diffuse out of the stomata
  • Guard cells can protect the stomata
  • Shape allows for large SA/V ratio
  • Walls of cells form another exchange surface
34
Q

How hace gills on fish adapted for fast gas exchange

A
  • Each gill has lots of thin plates called gill filaments which have large surface areas
  • Gill filaments have many lamellae increasing surface area even more
  • Lamellae have lots of blood capliedries
  • Thin surface to allow for fast diffusion
  • Concentration of oxygen always higher in water

Biology GCSE AQA (OH) (9 decks)

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