B5 Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What is health

Answer 1

A state of physical and mental well being

Question 2

What is a pathogen

Answer 2

A microorganism that can enter the body and cause disease

Question 3

What is a communicable disease

Answer 3

A infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another easily

Question 4

How can communicable diseases spread

Answer 4

Water and food. Direct contact. STD , airborne emission

Question 5

Other factors that affect health

Answer 5

Diet, stress, life situations

Question 6

Examples of pathogens

Answer 6

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists

Question 7

How does bacteria affect the body?

Answer 7

They can make you feel ill by producing toxins(poisons) that damage your cells and tissues

Question 8

Viruses are cells. True or false?

Answer 8

False

Question 9

How do viruses work inside the body?

Answer 9

They live inside the cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produces copies of itself. The cell will eventually burst, releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what make you feel ill.

Question 10

Describe a protists structure

Answer 10

Single-celled eukaryote

Question 11

How are protists transferred to an organism?

Answer 11

Via a vector e.g. an insect

Question 12

What are some fungi made up of and what is its function?

Answer 12

Hyphae (thread-like structure)- they grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases.

Question 13

Name the 3 different ways pathogens can spread?

Answer 13

Water, air and direct contact

Question 14

What are the 3 viral diseases?

Answer 14

Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

Question 15

What are the symptoms of measles?

Answer 15

Red skin rash, fever and can lead to pneumonia or brain complications.

Question 16

How is HIV spread?

Answer 16

Spread by sexual contact, or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.

Question 17

How does HIV affect the body?

Answer 17

The virus attacks the immune cells. The damage caused means the immune system cannot cope with other infection or cancers.

Question 18

What does TMV affect?

Answer 18

Plants

Question 19

How does TMV affect the plant?

Answer 19

Discolours the plant meaning it cannot carry out photosynthesis as well, so its growth is affected.

Question 20

Why do fungal diseases affect plants?

Answer 20

E.g. rose black spot causes leaves to drop off meaning less photosynthesis.

Question 21

Name a disease caused by a protist

Answer 21

Malaria

Question 22

How is malaria transferred between organisms?

Answer 22

A vector

Question 23

Symptoms of malaria?

Answer 23

Affects animals blood cells and causes repeating episodes of fever

Question 24

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

Answer 24

Insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 25

Name 2 bacterial diseases

Answer 25

Gonorrhoea and Salmonella

Question 26

How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented

Answer 26

Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, vaccination

Question 27

Plants physical defence responses

Answer 27

Leaf fall, cellulose cell wall, waxy cuticle, barrier of dead cells around the stem

Question 28

Plants chemical defences

Answer 28

Poison that deters herbivores, antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

Question 29

Mechanical Defences

Answer 29

Thorns and hairs, leaves droop and curl, cleverly mimic other organisms to trick them into not eating them

Question 30

Plant disease symptoms

Answer 30

Stunted growth, spots on the leaves, patches of decay/rot, discolouration, malformed stems or leaves, abnormal growths

Question 31

How can these signs be identified

Answer 31

Gardening manual or website, laboratory to identify pathogen, testing kits that use monoclonal antibodies

Question 32

How do plants suffer deficiency symptoms

Answer 32

Lacking mineral ions from the soil. Nitrates are needed to make proteins for growth. Magnesium ions are used to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis and they suffer from chlorosis if they don't (yellow leaves)

Question 33

How can your immune system attack pathogens

Answer 33

Phagocytosis (consuming them), producing antibodies, producing antitoxins

Question 34

What are the white blood cells that produce antibodies called

Answer 34

B-lymphocytes

Question 35

How does the humans first line of defence prevent pathogens entering

Answer 35

Skin is a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances. Hair and mucus in nose traps particles. Trachea and Bronchi secrete mucus to trap it and are lined with cilia. Lysozyme in tear. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Platelets help blood clot.

Question 36

Producing antitoxins

Answer 36

These counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.