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Biology > B5 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

A state of physical and mental well being

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2
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that can enter the body and cause disease

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another easily

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4
Q

How can communicable diseases spread

A

Water and food. Direct contact. STD , airborne emission

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5
Q

Other factors that affect health

A

Diet, stress, life situations

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6
Q

Examples of pathogens

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists

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7
Q

How does bacteria affect the body?

A

They can make you feel ill by producing toxins(poisons) that damage your cells and tissues

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8
Q

Viruses are cells. True or false?

A

False

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9
Q

How do viruses work inside the body?

A

They live inside the cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produces copies of itself. The cell will eventually burst, releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what make you feel ill.

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10
Q

Describe a protists structure

A

Single-celled eukaryote

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11
Q

How are protists transferred to an organism?

A

Via a vector e.g. an insect

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12
Q

What are some fungi made up of and what is its function?

A

Hyphae (thread-like structure)- they grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases.

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13
Q

Name the 3 different ways pathogens can spread?

A

Water, air and direct contact

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14
Q

What are the 3 viral diseases?

A

Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash, fever and can lead to pneumonia or brain complications.

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16
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Spread by sexual contact, or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.

17
Q

How does HIV affect the body?

A

The virus attacks the immune cells. The damage caused means the immune system cannot cope with other infection or cancers.

18
Q

What does TMV affect?

A

Plants

19
Q

How does TMV affect the plant?

A

Discolours the plant meaning it cannot carry out photosynthesis as well, so its growth is affected.

20
Q

Why do fungal diseases affect plants?

A

E.g. rose black spot causes leaves to drop off meaning less photosynthesis.

21
Q

Name a disease caused by a protist

A

Malaria

22
Q

How is malaria transferred between organisms?

A

A vector

23
Q

Symptoms of malaria?

A

Affects animals blood cells and causes repeating episodes of fever

24
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Insecticides and mosquito nets

25
Q

Name 2 bacterial diseases

A

Gonorrhoea and Salmonella

26
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented

A

Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, vaccination

27
Q

Plants physical defence responses

A

Leaf fall, cellulose cell wall, waxy cuticle, barrier of dead cells around the stem

28
Q

Plants chemical defences

A

Poison that deters herbivores, antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

29
Q

Mechanical Defences

A

Thorns and hairs, leaves droop and curl, cleverly mimic other organisms to trick them into not eating them

30
Q

Plant disease symptoms

A

Stunted growth, spots on the leaves, patches of decay/rot, discolouration, malformed stems or leaves, abnormal growths

31
Q

How can these signs be identified

A

Gardening manual or website, laboratory to identify pathogen, testing kits that use monoclonal antibodies

32
Q

How do plants suffer deficiency symptoms

A

Lacking mineral ions from the soil. Nitrates are needed to make proteins for growth. Magnesium ions are used to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis and they suffer from chlorosis if they don’t (yellow leaves)

33
Q

How can your immune system attack pathogens

A

Phagocytosis (consuming them), producing antibodies, producing antitoxins

34
Q

What are the white blood cells that produce antibodies called

A

B-lymphocytes

35
Q

How does the humans first line of defence prevent pathogens entering

A

Skin is a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances. Hair and mucus in nose traps particles. Trachea and Bronchi secrete mucus to trap it and are lined with cilia. Lysozyme in tear. Stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Platelets help blood clot.

36
Q

Producing antitoxins

A

These counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.

Biology (19 decks)

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