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Biology > B13 Reproduction > Flashcards

B13 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

This involves the fusion of male and female gametes and there is mixing of genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring. The formation of gametes involves meiosis

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes. There is no mixing of genetic information. This leads to genetically identical offspring (clones). Only mitosis is involved

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3
Q

What is meiosis

A

Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes

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4
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

copies of the genetic information are made

• the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes

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5
Q

What do all gametes not have in common

A

They are genetically different from each other

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6
Q

What are male gametes

A

Sperm cells

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7
Q

What are female gametes

A

Egg cells

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8
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • produces variation in the offspring
  • if the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection
  • natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production
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9
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent needed
• more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate
• faster than sexual reproduction
• many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.

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10
Q

What are gametes

A

Sex cells

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11
Q

What is a chromosone

A

These contain the genetic imformation/DNA in the form of a gene and they are in the nucleus

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12
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic

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13
Q

What is an allele

A

These are different forms of a gene that code for a different protein so different characteristics are developed

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14
Q

What is a dominat allele

A

This will always be expressed even when there is only one of these alleles present

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15
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type

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16
Q

What is homozygous

A

An organism with two identical alleles for a ch aracteristic

17
Q

What is heterozygous

A

An individual with different alleles for a characteristic

18
Q

What is the genotype

A

This describes the alleles present or genetic makeup of an individual regarding a particular characteristic

19
Q

What is the phenotype

A

This describes the physical appearance of an individual regarding a particular characteristic

20
Q

What is cystic fibrosis and how is it caused

A

A disorder of cell membranes that is caused by a recessive allele

21
Q

What is Polydactyly and how is it caused

A

This is having extra fingers or toes and is caused by a dominat allele

22
Q

In females the sex chromosones are

A

The same XX

23
Q

In males the sex chromosones are

A

Different XY

24
Q

How many pairs of chromosones do ordinary human body cells contain

A

23

25
Q

What is mutation

A

New forms of genes result from changes in existing genes and these changes are called mutations

26
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix

27
Q

What is the genome of an organism

A

This is the entire genetic material of that organism

28
Q

Which organsims reproduce by both asexual and sexual reproduction

A

Malarial parasites, fungi and plants

29
Q

What is mRNA

A

A single stranded molecule that is made by copying the code from the DNA and carrying to the cytoplasm and ribosomes for protein synthesis

30
Q

What 4 bases does the DNA contain

A

A C G T

30
Q

What is the code for a particular amino acid

A

A sequence of three bases

31
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of

A

A common sugar and a phosphate group with one of the four different bases attached to the sugar

32
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

The DNA is a polymer made from 4 different nucleotides and this polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units

33
Q

In a complementary strand a — is always linked to a — on the opposite strand

A

C and G

T and A

34
Q

What do parts of the DNA that dont code for proteins do

A

They switch genes on or off so they control whether or not a gene is expressed (used to make a protein)

35
Q

What are the functions of some proteins

A

Enzymes as biological catylysts, hormones, structural proteins like collagen

Biology (19 decks)

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