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Pro Biology > B5,B6,B7 > Flashcards

B5,B6,B7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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2
Q

What so pathogens include?

A

Bacteria,viruses,protists,fungi

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3
Q

What is food poisoning formed from?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

How does bacteria make us ill?

A

Once in the human body bacteria reproduces rapidly. Then releases harmful toxins

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5
Q

Whats a toxin?

A

Damages tissues and makes us feel ill

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6
Q

What type of pathogen is HIV?

A

Virus

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7
Q

Where can viruses reproduce?

A

Only in host cell

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8
Q

How does virus attack the body?

A

1) virus invades host cell
2) Now reproduce in host cell and damages cell and could burst open

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9
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A
  • In the air eg: water droplets
  • cholera
  • direct contavt (HIV)
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10
Q

How to reduce pathogens?

A
  • Washing hands before eating
  • Clean drinking water
  • Use condom in sexual intercourse
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11
Q

Something about antibiotics?

A
  • Don’t kill viruses
  • But kill bacteria
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12
Q

Symptoms of measles?

A
  • Fever
  • Red skin rash
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13
Q

How are measles spread?

A

In droplets when a person coughs or sneezes. The passes through a person when breathed in

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14
Q

HIV symptoms?

A
  • Flu like virus
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15
Q

How does HIV attack body?

A

The immune system becomes damaged. The body cannot fight iff other infections and even cancer cell. Could inherit Aids or cancer

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16
Q

How can you prevent HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs stop virus multiplying. For the rest of their life

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17
Q

How is HIV transmited?

A

Exchange of fluids between humans. Use infected needles or Sex

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18
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Injesting digested food

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19
Q

What causes symptoms of salmonella?

A

Toxins

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20
Q

What are the syptoms of salmonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Cramps
  • Vomitting
  • Diarrhoea
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21
Q

Where can salmona be found and how can you control it?

A

Chickens and vaccine

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22
Q

What is Gonorrhoea?

A

STD

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23
Q

Symptoms of gonorrohoea?

A
  • Thick yellow /green discharge from penis or vagina
  • Pain when urinating
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24
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Penicillin or antibiotic resistant

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25
Q

How to stop spread gonorrhoea?

A
  • Be tested for it then treated with antibiotics
  • Use condoms
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26
Q

What is malaria?

A

A communicable disease spread by a pathogen. And example of a protist

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27
Q

Symptoms of malaria?

A
  • repeated bouts of fever
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28
Q

Process of how malaria is spread?

A
  • Person is bitten by mosquito
  • Malaria pathogen passes into mosquito
  • Mosquito bites different person and passes malaria onto them (vector)
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29
Q

How to stop malaria spreading?

A
  • Stop them breeding in water (impossible to kill every mosquito)
  • Prevent biting (mosquito net)
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30
Q

What’s the job of a non specific defence system?

A

Prevent pathogens entering human body

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31
Q

Name the non specific defence systems?

A
  • Skin
  • Nose
  • Lungs
  • Stomach
32
Q

How is skin a protective layer?

A

outer skin consists if dead cells which is hard to penetrate. Sebum also contains bacteria. When skin is damaged pathogens could enter but it scabs over

33
Q

How is the nose a human defence system?

A

Hair and mucus traps pathogens before entering system

34
Q

How are lungs a human defence system?

A

The trachea and bronchi are covered with cilia (tiny hairs) which trap pathogens

35
Q

How is the stomach a human defence system?

A

It has hydrochloric acid. This kills pathogens before they make their way down

36
Q

Functions of immune system?

A
  • Destroys toxins and pathogens they produce
  • Protects us in case same pathogen enters body again
37
Q

What does the immune system use and what is phagocytosis?

A
  • White blood cells and they ingest and destroy pathogens
  • Detects chemical released and moves towards it
  • Finally ingests it
  • And uses enzymes to destroy it
38
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules produced by white blood cells

39
Q

Things about antibodies?

A
  • They are very specific
  • Can remain in blood for very long time
40
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Stick to toxin molecules and prevent from damaging cells

41
Q

What is TMV?

A

Causes discolouration in mosaic pattern. Rate of photosynthesis is reduced and growth is reduced

42
Q

What are rose black spots caused by?

A

Fungus

43
Q

What do rose black spots cause a plant to do?

A

Leave purple and black spots. Turn yellow and fall of. Photosythesis causes it to stop growing

44
Q

How are rose black spots spread and how can they be treated?

A

Water or wind. Spray plants with fungicides. Remove leave and destroy them

45
Q

How is a vaccination used?

A

Introdoucing small quantaties of dead or inactive forms of pathogen into the body. White blood cells stimulated to make antibodies against pathogen. White blood cell divides by mitosis for copies. Same virus cannot enter for several decades

46
Q

What’s herd immunity?

A

The unnvacinated person cannot catch a disease as no one around them can passs the pathogen on

47
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Kill infective bacteria inside human body without harming

48
Q

Whats antibiotic resistance?

A
  • When antibiotics had been overused and the bacteria had evolved so they were no longer killed by antibiotic
49
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Treat symptoms by relieving pain

50
Q

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?

A

They damage body tissues

51
Q

What was the plant foxglove used for?

A

Heart drug digitalis

52
Q

Where was aspirin extracted from?

A

Willow trees

53
Q

Who discovered pennicilin?

A

Alexander flemming

54
Q

Where are most drugs formed from?

A

Plants

55
Q

Whats the test to see if a drug is safe for humans?

A

1) Check if it’s safe for humans
2) Check drug is effective
3) Check best dose

56
Q

Stages of drug testing?

A

1) Carried on cells tissues or animals (pre-cliinical testing)
2) Low doses are given to healthy patients. To check if safe (clinical testing)

57
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Tablet or injection with no active drug in it

58
Q

Why do you give humans placebo?

A

To think theyre being treated so they beleive they get better

59
Q

Whats the double blind trial?

A

1) Test group recieves active drug
2) Placebo group receive dummy drug.
No patient or doctor know whos got what

60
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Whats an antigen?

A

When lymphocytes produce antibodies against anything the body thinks that foreign.

62
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A
  • Inject mouse with antigen then lymphocytes will produce antiibodies against antigen.
  • Collect lymphocytes from mouse
  • Fuse with tumour cells
  • you produce hybridoma cell and they produce antibodies and divide by mitosis
  • Clone antibody
63
Q

What’s a monclonal antibodie?

A

When they come from a single hybridoma clone

64
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies specific to and benefits?

A

One binding site. And can target a specific chemical or specific cells

65
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies useful for?

A
  • Pregnancy testing
  • level of hormones in blood
  • Detect pathogens
  • Identify cells or a tissue
  • Treating diseases
66
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A
  • Detects specific hormone produced by plecenta
67
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

Bind to specific things they are looking for

68
Q

Monoclonal antibodies disadvantages?

A

Produce very harmful side effects

69
Q

What are the ways you can diagnose plants?

A
  • Aphids
  • Discolouration
  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Decay
  • Malformed stems or leaves
70
Q

How can you identify plant diseases?

A
  • Use a garden manual or websites
  • Take it to the lab to identify pathogen
  • Use testing kits which have monoclonal amtibodies
71
Q

What does lack of nitrate ion cause?

A

Stunted growth

72
Q

What does a lack of magnesium ion cause?

A

Chlorosis. Leaves lose green colouration because magnesium is used to make chlorophyll

73
Q

What are the plant defense systems?

A
  • Physical responses
  • Chemical response
  • Mechanical defense system
74
Q

Give examples of plant defense systems?

A
  • cell wall hard for microorgansims to penetrate
  • Leaves covered with waxy cuticle
75
Q

Whats the chemical response?

A

Plants release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria and prevent attacking plant. Also poisons

76
Q

What are examples of mechanical defense systems?

A
  • Thorns to protect plant being eaten by herbivore.
  • Also hairs which irritate plants making them difficult to eat
  • White dead nettles act like stinging nettle for herbivores to stop eating them

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