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B11 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you send send information around the body other than nerves?

A

Using hormones

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemical messengers sent in the blood

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3
Q

How are hormones released?

A

Directly into the blood

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4
Q

What particular organs do hormomes affect?

A

Target organs

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5
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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6
Q

What are hormomes produced in?

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

What effects do hormones tend to have.

A

Long lasting

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8
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A
  • It produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland also called?

A

Master gland

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10
Q

Why is it called master gland?

A

Because the hormomes act on other glands directing them to release organs

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11
Q

Things about thyroid gland?

A

Produces thyroxine which is involved regulating rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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12
Q

Things about ovaries?

A

Only for females and produces oestrogen

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13
Q

Things about testes?

A

Produces testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production

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14
Q

Things about adrenal gland?

A

Produces adrenaline which is used for the body for flight of fight repsonse

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15
Q

Things about pancreas

A

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose level

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16
Q

What are the 6 glands?

A

Pituitary gland
Ovaries
Testes
Thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal gland

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17
Q

Things about nerves?

A

Very fast action
Act for a very short time
Act on very precise area

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18
Q

Things about hormones?

A

Slower action
Act for a long time
Act in more a general way

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19
Q

What controls blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin and glucagon control blood glucose levels

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20
Q

What does eating a food containing carbohydrate do?

A

Puts glucose into the blood from the gut

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21
Q

How do you remove glucose from the blood?

A
  • Normal metabolism of cells
  • vigorous activities
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22
Q

What can excess glucose be stored as?

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too high?

A

1) Pancreas detects blood glucose levels are too high
2) Pancreas releases insulin to the bloodstream
3) Insulin binds to the liver and body cells
4) Body cells take in more glucose for respiration and liver stores glucose as glycogen
5) Goes to homeostatus level

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24
Q

What if blood glucose level is too low?

A

1) Pancreas gland detects that blood glucose levels are too low
2) Pancreas releases glycogen into blood stream
3) Glycogen binds to liver
4) The liver converts glycogen to glucose
5) Goes to homeostatis level

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25
Q

With diabetes can you control your blood sugar level?

A

No

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26
Q

What is diabetes?

A

It is a condition that affects your ability to control your blood levels.

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27
Q

Types of diabetes?

A

Type 1
Type 2

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28
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

It is where pancreas produces little or no insulin

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29
Q

What can happen if you have type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Blood glucose levels can rise to a fatal amount
  • lots of urine is produced leaving the individual thirsty
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30
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections at meal times which means glucose up blood streams

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31
Q

How are type 1 diabetes being cured?

A

By using pancreas implants and genetically engineering pancreatic cells from mice to make insulin

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32
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

The body cells cannot respond to insulin

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33
Q

What happens if you have type 2 diabetes?

A

Blood glucose levels can rise to a fatal amount
Obesity may occur

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34
Q

How can you prevent type 2 diabetes?

A

Using drugs to make inulin more effective

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35
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

Counteracts changes

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36
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the body responds to an increase or decrease in a factor by returning it to it’s original level

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37
Q

Give an example of negative feedback?

A

When the level of water or temperature gets too high or too low.

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38
Q

What is the order if negative feedback is too high?

A

1) Receptor detects a stimulus level is too high
2) The coordination centre receives and proceses the information then organises a response
3) Effector produces a response which counteracts the change and restores to optium level

39
Q

What is the order if negative feedback level is too low?

A

1) Receptor detects stimulus kevel is too low
2) The coordination centre receives and processes the information and carrys out a response
3) Effector produces a response which counteracts the change and stores to optimum level

40
Q

What happens at puberty?

A

Your body releases sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics
Eg facial hair and breasts.

41
Q

Whats the main reproductive hormone in men?

A

Testosterone

42
Q

Whats the main reproductive hormone in woman?

A

Oestrogen

43
Q

What is testosterone produced by?

A

Testes and stimulates sperm production

44
Q

What is oestrogen produced by?

A

Ovaries

45
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstruation starts , ( The lining of the uterus breaks down for four days.)

46
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining builds up again from day 4 to 14 into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg

47
Q

What is stage 3 of menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14. (ovulation)

48
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is maintained for 14 days. If no egg has landed the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again.

49
Q

What are the 4 hormones?

A
  • FSH
  • Oestrogen
  • LH
  • Progesterone
50
Q

What are things about FSH?

A
  • Produced in pituitary gland
  • Causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in the follicle
  • stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
51
Q

What are things about LH?

A
  • Produced by Pituitary gland
  • Stimulates the releases of an egg at day 14
52
Q

Things about oestrogen?

A
  • Produced in the ovaries
  • Causes the lining of the uterus to grow
  • Stimulates the release of LH
53
Q

Things about progesterone?

A
  • Produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus in the second half
  • Inhibits the release of LH and FSH
54
Q

What reduces fertility?

A

Hormones

55
Q

What is used to prevent the release of an egg?

A

Oestrogen

56
Q

How is oestrogen contraception?

A

If you take oestrogen everyday to keep the level permanantly high it inhibits the production of FSH. And egg development stops

57
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A

By Stimulating the production of the thick mucus which helps stop the egg and sperm meet

58
Q

What is the combined oral contraceptive pill and how effective is it?

A

99 % It’s something that contains oestrogen and progesterone

59
Q

What are the negatives of the pill?

A

Headaches and nausea and doesnt prevent STDS

60
Q

Whats the contraceptive patch?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone and lasts 1 week

61
Q

What are barriers?

A

They stop egg and sperm meeting

62
Q

Whats spermicide and how effective is it?

A

Its a substance that disables or kills the sperm and only 70-80% effective

63
Q

What are the other ways to stop pregnancies happening?

A

Sterilisation
Natural methods
Abstinence

64
Q

What can be used to increase fertility?

A

Hormones

65
Q

Why can’t woman have babies?

A

They have low levels of FSH so their eggs can’t mature and can’t get released.

66
Q

What can be given to woman to have babies?

A

FSH and LH as a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation

67
Q

What are the pros of giving FSH and LH to a woman?

A

It helps woman get pregnant

68
Q

What are the cons of giving and FSH and LH to a woman?

A

It doesnt always work
Some woman have to donit multiple time which is expensive.
Too many eggs can be stimulated

69
Q

Whats another way people can have babies

A

IVF

70
Q

What is IVF?

A

It’s when you collect a womans eggs from their ovaries and fertilise them in a lab using mens sperm

71
Q

What’s ICSI?

A

When you directly inject sperm into the egg it’s useful if the man has a low sperm count

72
Q

What happens after the eggs are fertilised in IVF?

A

They grow to embryos and once they are in a tiny ball of cells one or two of them are transfered to a womans uterus

73
Q

What are the cons of fretility treatement?

A

Multiple births can happen and can risk the mother
Success of IVF is low which is 26% and can have a mental effect
It can make the woman physically stressful eg vomitting and dehydration

74
Q

Why are people against IVF?

A

The unused embroyos are destroyed because of this some people think it’s unethical because each embroyo is a life

75
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH during IVF?

A

To stimulate the eggs and mature

76
Q

What does adrenaline prepare you for?

A

Fight or flight

77
Q

What happens when your brain detects fear or stress?

A

Sends nervous impulses to the adrenal gland which repsonds by secreting adrenaline

78
Q

What does thyroid regulate?

A

Metabolism

79
Q

Some differences between endocrine system ans neevous system?

A
  • NS uses electrical impulses. Endocrine uses hormones and carried in bloostream
  • NS is really fast endocrine is slow but effect is more long lasting
80
Q

How do hormones interact in menstreaul cycle?

A

FSH i released by pituitary gland.
FSH travels to ovaries in blood where it matures
FSH triggers ovaries to make oestrogen
Oestrogen causes lining of uterus to become thick

81
Q

What is phototropism?

A

When plants shoot towards a light

82
Q

What did shoot tips produce?

A

Auxins

83
Q

Where is auxin produced ?

A

Tip of the shoot

84
Q

How do shoots use auxin to grow towards light?

A

1) Auxin is produced at the top of the shoot
2) Light causes auxin to concentrate on darker side of shoot tip
3) Auxin spreads down shoot
4) Cells on darker side grow faster
5) shoots grow towards light

85
Q

Whats geotrpoism or gravitropism?

A

When plant roots grow towards the force of gravity

86
Q

What does gravity cause auxin to do?

A

Concentrate on lower side

87
Q

What chemicals do plants use to regulate their behaviour?

A

Auxins and ethane

88
Q

What are the steps for plant practical?

A

1) Place 3 cotton wools and soak them in equal amounts of water
2) Place 10 mustard seed
3) Leave in one place and water with same volume
4) Seeds will germinate and make sure they have the same amount of seedlings. If not remove until equal
5) Use a ruler to measure stem
6) Place one in full light, partial light and darkness
7) Measure hight of seedlings for 5 days
8) calculate the mean

89
Q

What s the independant,control and dependant variable in plant hormone?

A

C = Volume of water
I = light intensity
D = height of seedlings

90
Q

Why do seeds grow better in darkness?

A

Usually germinate underground and grow rapidly to reach light

91
Q

What are auxins used for?

A
  • Weedkiller
  • Rooting powder
  • Promoting growth
92
Q

What are gibberellins used for?

A
  • End seed dormancy
  • Encourgae plants go flower
  • fruit to grow larger
93
Q

Uses for ethane?

A
  • Ethane used to ripen bannanas in UK

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